Motor vehicle, vehicles commercial

The terrific injury and death toll caused by industrial accidents occurs within workplaces including mines, manufacturing plants, chemical refineries, onboard fishing vessels or motorized vehicles, in commercial undertakings, and any other place of work. A workplace can be summarized as any place where normal work is carried out. 

In USA the yearly man-hours employment producing all plastic products by all processes is estimated at 650 million, second to motor vehicles at 845 million. Following plastic products (in millions) are aircraft at 570, commercial printing at 560, newspapers at 475, meat at 460, metal structural products at 350, and computers at 325. The USA plastics Industry is growing and creating jobs faster than the other manufacturing sectors. 

Emission control from heavy duty diesel engines in vehicles and stationary sources involves the use of ammonium to selectively reduce N O, from the exhaust gas. This NO removal system is called selective catalytic reduction by ammonium (NH3-SGR) and it is additionally used for the catalytic oxidation of GO and HGs.The ammonia primarily reacts in the SGR catalytic converter with NO2 to form nitrogen and water. Excess ammonia is converted to nitrogen and water on reaction with residual oxygen. As ammonia is a toxic substance, the actual reducing agent used in motor vehicle applications is urea. Urea is manufactured commercially and is both ground water compatible and chemically stable under ambient conditions [46]. 

Fuel cell technology provides the basis for the use of hydrogen as an alternative transportation fuel. Major automotive manufacturers such as DaimlerChrysler, Ford, General Motors, Honda, and BMW are involved in producing fuel cell powered vehicles for commercial sale. 

Balkin T, Thome D, Sing H, Thomas M, Redmond D, Wesensten N, Williams J, Hall S, Belenky G. Effects of Sleep Schedules on Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Performance. FMCSA Report No. DOT-MC-00-133, May, 2000. 

The results of sleep deprivation have been linked to motor vehicle accidents, major industrial accidents such as the Exxon Valdez, and Three Mile Island, and the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster (2). The U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in 1999 estimated that 56,000 police-reported crashes and 4% of all traffic crash fatalities (1550 cases) involved drowsiness and fatigue as principal causes (3). Sleepiness was a probable cause in about one third of all fatal-to-driver motor vehicle accidents involving commercial truck drivers (4). 

Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. Effects of Sleep Schedules on Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Performance. Report No. DOT-MC-00-133. 2000. 

The release of PCDD/PCDF from transport activities was estimated to be very minimal and not reported for uncontrolled combustion processes (Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2004). In the Department of Environment Malaysia 1997 report, the major sources of air pollution in 1996 were motor vehicles, 82%, power stations, 9%, industrial fuel burning, 5%, industrial production processes, 3%, domestic and commercial furnaces, 0.2%, and open burning at solid waste disposal sites, 0.8% (Afroz et al., 2003). Leaded gasoline has been phased out since 1998 and most cars have been fitted with catalytic converters since then. Consequently, a minimal release of PCDD/PCDF is expected from motor vehicles that are mainly from diesel-powered vehicles. The released air pollutions monitored were CO, N02, S02, 03, and suspended particulate matters. 

Emission Pollution discharged into the atmosphere from smokestacks, other vents, and surface areas of commercial or industrial facilities from residential chimneys and from motor vehicles, locomotives, or air craft exhausts. 

ElexV [8], issued by the Federal Minister of Labour and Social Affairs, covering commercial and industrial equipment, with the exception of railway installations, German Federal Armed Forces, mining industry with the exception of surface installations, shipping, motor vehicles and civil aviation... 

The commercial production of PAHs is not a significant source of these compounds in the environment. The primary source of many PAHs in air is the incomplete combustion of wood and fuel (Perwak et al. 1982). PAHs are a ubiquitous product of combustion from common sources such as motor vehicles and other gas-burning engines, wood-burning stoves and furnaces, cigarette smoke, industrial smoke or soot, and charcoal-broiled foods (lARC 1983). Natural sources include volcanoes, forest fires, crude oil, and shale oil (HSDB 1994). 

As we approach the 21 century, the global vehicle population exceeds 700 million -almost 500 million light duty vehicles, about 150 million commercial trucks and buses and another 100 million motorcycles. Each year, the vehicle population is growing by about 12 million automobiles, 3.7 million commercial vehicles and 2.5 million motorcycles per year. While the growth rate has slowed in the highly industrialized countries, population growth and increased urbanization and industrialization are accelerating the use of motor vehicles elsewhere. 

Table 2 Kev European motor emissions from vehicles (light commercial and heavy dutvV...

We are indeed committed to conducting our operations in an environmentally sound manner and to reducing - as far as technically feasible - any undesirable effect of our products on the environment, but at the same time we have to fulfill the imperative of economic growth and have to produce commercially viable motor vehicles. We too are breathing in this world, want to optimise the use of scarce resources, want environmentally favourable energy options. 

Pursuant its undertakings at the Environment Councils of 27 June an 28 November 1985 relating to the gaseous emissions of passenger cars and light commercial vehicles covered by Directive 70/220/EEC, the Commission presented on 23 June 1986 two further proposals on motor vehicle emissions to the Council. 

Indium-tin oxide (ITO) is indium oxide doped with tin oxide. Thin films of ITO have commercially valuable properties it is transparent, electrically conducting and reflects IR radiation. Applications of ITO are varied. It is used as a coating material for flat-panel computer displays, for coating architectural glass panels, and in electrochromic devices. Coating motor vehicle and aircraft windscreens and motor vehicle rear windows allows them to be electrically heated for de-icing... 

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