Industrial processes and products

A great many industrial products besides those mentioned in Sections 11.2 and 11.3 depend in some way on H bonds. For finished goods that require certain catalysts (hydrous metal oxides), color removal (by clay filtration), or flotation separation, adsorption influenced by H bonds is sometimes critical. Finally, some materials require H bonds to achieve or maintain their desired form or to cairry out their functions an example is the urea complexes used in separating paraffin hydrocarbons (110). 

Silica gel surely presents a surface having many hydroxyl groups (1836 and references there also 2017), as do other oxide gels if not treated too severely (Lindquist and Rea reported on AI2O3 at the September 1957 ACS meeting). However, only fairly recently has adsorption on these surfaces been interpreted in terms of H bonding. [But see Elder and Springer (585).] Most stimulation appears to be 

The adsorption of liquid ethyl alcohol on AljOj occurs by H bonding (1108), and without doubt other proton donors are similarly affected. Some part of adsorption from binary solutions (e.g. ethyl alcohol and benzene) is explained by the three-step process alcohol H bonds to the surface, chemisorbs, and then the second component (and more alcohol) physically adsorb on this layer. (See Section 11.2.1 for a discussion of the similar action of water on silicic acid.) Such hydroxyl-covered surfaces are industrially important in cracking and other catalytic processes (2172, 956), and in drying. Plank and Drake (1646) discuss the influence of H bonds in the formation of such materials. 

Most authorities feel that on C U bon blacks, where the adsorption is largely physical, H bonds have the same importance they do in liquids. This approach to physical adsorption is the classical Brunauer-Emmett-Teller view of the adsorbed layer being essentially liquid (2123). 

Others suggest that H bonds to surface oxides or occasional C=0 

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B. Kamm, M. Kamm, M. Schmidt, T. Hirth and M. Schulze, in Biorefineries-Industrial Processes and Products , (Eds. B. Kamm, P. R. Gruber, and M. Kamm), WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2006, Vol. 2. 

Kamm, B., Gruber, P. R. and Kamm, M. (eds.) (2006). Biorefineries - Industrial Processes and Products Status Quo and Future Directions. Two Volumes. WILEY-VCH. 

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Soft Chemistry , proximity to nature and bionics contain the idea that chemical-technical solutions from nature can provide a stimulus for industrial processes and products. 

Lichtenthaler FW (2006) The key sugars of biomass availability, present non-food uses and potential future development lines. In Kamm B, Gmber PR, Kamm M (eds) Biorefineries -industrial processes and products, status quo and future directions, vol 2. Wiley, Weinheim... 

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Clark, J.H., Green Chemistry for the Second Generation Biorefinery - Sustainable Chemical Manufacturing Based on Biomass, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 82, 603-609 (2007). de Jong, E., R. van Ree, R. van Tuil and W. Elbersen, Biorefineries for the Chemical Industry - A Dutch Point of View, in Biorefineries - Biobased Industrial Processes and Products. Status Quo and Future Directions, B. Kamm, M. Kamm, and P. Gruber (Eds), Wiley-VCH, (2006). 

Koutinas, A.A., Wang, R.-H., Campbell, G.M. and Webb, C. 2006. A Whole Crop Biorefinery System A Closed System for the Manufacture of Non-Food Products from Cereals, in Biorefineries - Industrial Processes and Products, Vol. 1, Kamm, B., Gruber, P.R. and Kamm, M. (Eds). Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, ppl65-191. 

Kamm, B., P.R. Gruber, M. Kamm, Biorefineries (eds.) — Industrial Processes and Products, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2006... 

Kamm B, Kamm M, Gruber PR, Kromus S. Biorefinery systems an overview. In Biorefineries - industrial processes and products. VCH-Wiley 2006. Yol. 1, p. 23. 

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