Molecular approaches

H. Knnzinger, in J--M. Basset and co-eds., Suface Organometallic Chemisty Molecular Approaches to Suface Catalysis, Kluwer, Dordrecht, the Nethedands, 1988, p. 35. 

Owing to the increasing efficiency of computational methods, it has become possible to investigate base pairs in the gas phase and solution simulated by super-molecular approaches with up to six water molecules [98IJQ37, 98JPC(A) 10374, 98JPC(B)9109, 99JST107]. In the cytosine-isocytosine Watson-Crick base pair. 

The proposed scenario is mainly based on the molecular approach, which considers conjugated polymer films as an ensemble of short (molecular) segments. The main point in the model is that the nature of the electronic state is molecular, i.e. described by localized wavefunctions and discrete energy levels. In spite of the success of this model, in which disorder plays a fundamental role, the description of the basic intrachain properties remains unsatisfactory. The nature of the lowest excited state in m-LPPP is still elusive. Extrinsic dissociation mechanisms (such as charge transfer at accepting impurities) are not clearly distinguished from intrinsic ones, and the question of intrachain versus interchain charge separation is not yet answered. 

Salyers A A Drew D.D. (1994) Bacterial Pathogenesis a Molecular Approach. Washington American Society for Microbiology Press. 

J. O M. Bockris and S. U. M. Khan, Surface Electrochemistry, A Molecular Approach, Plenum Press, New York, 1993. 

A Molecular Approach to Synergy Generation in Co Mo Binary Sulfide Catalysts for Hydrodesulfurization... 

Basset J-M, Gates BC, Candy J-P, Choplin A, Leconte M, Quignard F, Santini C (eds) (1988) Surface organometaUic chemistry molecular approaches to surface catalysis. NATO ASI series, vol 231. Kluwer, Dordrecht... 

Further progress may derive from a more accurate definition of the chemical and physical properties of the humic substances present at the rhizosphere and how they interact with the root-cell apoplast and the plasma membrane. An interaction with the plasma membrane H -ATPase has already been observed however this master enzyme may not be the sole molecular target of humic compounds. Both lipids and proteins (e.g., carriers) could be involved in the regulation of ion uptake. It therefore seems necessary to investigate the action of humic compounds with molecular approaches in order to understand the regulatory aspects of the process and therefore estimate the importance of these molecules as modulators of the root-soil interaction. 

Early interactions between the cell walls of the plant and the fungus and changes in their composition are essential morphogenetic events in the constitution of a functioning mycorrhiza. Cellular and molecular approaches have provided new insights into the complex and ever-changing scenario of these interactions. Cytochemical and in situ immunological techniques have demonstrated that both structure and function are less complex when assessed at the cell level (10,11,71,72). 

Molecular approaches will be surely crucial to clarify at least some of these problems. An improved knowledge will provide new stimuli for the better dissection of the role and functioning of mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere. 

D. J. Read, Ectomycorrhizas in the ecosystem structural, functional and community aspects. Biotechnology of Ectomycorrhizae. Molecular Approaches (V. Stocchi. P. Bonfante, and M. Nuti, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 1995. pp. 1-23. 

The main obstacles to increasing our knowledge in this field are methodological (103). Microbial cell enumeration techniques and identification procedures are often difficult or tedious, and the collection of relevant samples or the simulation of natural conditions in the laboratory can be problematical. However, the development of molecular approaches for the study of microbial populations can contribute to solving these problems. Considering the vast array of techniques used and presented in the literature, only a selection of these methods is discussed in this review. 

D. A. McQuarrie and J. D. Simon (1997) Physical Chemistry A Molecular Approach (University Science Books, Sausalito, CA). 

Chandra, P. Molecular Approaches for Designing Antiviral and Antitumor Compounds. 52,... 

Basset, J. M., Gates, B. C., Candy, J. P., Choplin, A., Leconte, M., Quignard, E, and Santini, C. C., Surface Organometallic Chemistry Molecular Approaches to Surface Catalysis, NATO ASI Series, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1988. 

Niyogi, K. K. (1999). Photoprotection revisited Genetic and molecular approaches. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 50 333-359. 

Michel Morange In any case, I didn t want to discuss directly the value of reductionism. What I wanted to do is to note that when molecular biologists describe a phenomenon as molecular this expression can have different meanings. In one way you only look at elementary components. In another way, you look at the molecular approaches. It s not the simple reductionist molecular biology which is very often described, for instance, as looking at... 

Cupolillo, E., Grimaldi, G. Jr, Momen, H. and Beverley, S.M. (1995) Intergenic region typing (IRT) a rapid molecular approach to the characterization and evolution of Leishmania. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 73, 145-155. 

Fuhrman, J.A. (1995a) Filariasis the role of chitinase in larval development and transmission. In Komuniecki, R. (ed.) Molecular Approaches to Parasitology. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 77-87. 

Cooper, G.M. (2003). The Cell A Molecular Approach. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA. Cracraft, J. and Donoghue, J. (eds.) (2004). Assembling the Tree of Life. Oxford University Press, New York... 

A wide variety of proof-of-principle systems have been proposed, synthesized and studied in the field of molecular spin qubits. In fact, due to the fast development of the field, several chemical quantum computation reviews using magnetic molecules as spin qubits have been published over the past decade, covering both experimental and theoretical results [67-69]. Only in a minority of experiments implementing non-trivial one- or two-qubit gates has been carried out, so in this aspect this family is clearly not yet competitive with other hardware candidates.1 Of course, the main interest of the molecular approach that makes it qualitatively different is that molecules can be chemically engineered to tailor their properties and acquire new functionalities. 

Tributsch, H. Pohlmann, L. 1995. Synergetic molecular approaches towards artificial and photosynthetic water photoelectrolysis. J. Electroanal. Chem. 396 53-61. 

The problem is not simple to address, as some of the methods for scientific investigation provide information on the metal atoms, without directly detecting the protein matrix around them. Other modem techniques reveal details of the protein core, but do not expose the metal centres within. A combination of the various molecular approaches is expected to uncover the fine molecular details of the catalytic action [Kovacs and Bagyinka, 1990, Szilagyi et al., 2002]... 

P. Tamagnini, J.-L. Costa, L. Almeida, M.-J. Oliveira, P. Salema, P. Lindblad (2000) Diversity of cyanobacterial hydrogenases, a molecular approach. Current Microbiology, 40 356-361... 

Steeves TA, Sussex IM. Patterns in Plant Development. A Molecular Approach, Academic Press, New York, 1989. 

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