Missouri soils

TCDD is mobile in soils in the field environment represented by typical Times Beach, Missouri soil. 

The bioavailability of TCDD from soils contaminated in the environment is an important determinant for risk assessment at TCDD contaminated sites. Literature reports indicate significant variation in bioavailability of TCDD from different sites. Soils from two of the major TCDD contaminated sites are compared for toxicity in guinea pigs and induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) in rats. Times Beach, Missouri, soil is toxic and TCDD is highly bioavailable from this soil whereas Newark, New Jersey, soil is relatively non-toxic and has low bioavailability of TCDD. However, AHH induction in rats was approximately identical. These results confirm previous studies on bioavailability from these soils, and suggest that AHH induction may be an unreliable indicator of bioavailability. 

McConnell et al (8) studied the bioavailability of TCDD from the dioxin contaminated soils at Times Beach, Missouri. They reported a bioavailability (based on toxicity data and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction) of approximately 60-85% from soil from Times Beach, Missouri. Lucier et al ( ) examined the same Missouri soils as reported by McConnell et al Using AHH induction in rat liver as a measure, they estimated that TCDD was about 25-50% bioavailable from these soils. These data demonstrated a clear dose response for TCDD toxicity and AHH induction from the contaminated soils. 

A series of 10 individual tests was performed using temperatures between 430 and 560°C and treatment times of 8 to 30 minutes. Table II presents the test results, which are comparable to the earlier results for Missouri soils. The objective of 1 ng/g... 

Small tire chips have also been utilized as a soil amendment to improve athletic playing fields (see Recreational surfaces). A patented process marketed under the trade name Rebound (fai Tire) combines cmmb mbber from scrap tires with composted organic material to reduce soil compaction, resulting in better athletic playing surfaces (52). Installations have been made in Florida, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Nevada, Virginia, and Wisconsin. 

EPA. 1996a. Bioavailability of lead in soil samples from the Jasper County, Missouri Superfund Site. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 8. Document Control No. 04800-030-0161. 

Palmer KT, Kucera CL. 1980. Lead contamination of sycamore and soil from lead mining and smelting operations in eastern Missouri. Journal of Environmental Quality 9 106-111. 

Minnesota, Missouri, Oregon Cation exchange capacity of soil, in meq/100 g Low (<5) 5 kg Cd/surface ha 11... 

AGRICULTURAL CROPS Sewage sludge (kg/ha) Missouri Maximum addition when soil cation exchange capacity (in meq/100 g) is ... 

Gough, L.P. and R.C. Severson. 1976. Impact of point source emissions from phosphate processing on the element content of plants and soils, Soda Springs, Idaho. Pages 225-233 in D.D. Hemphill (ed.). Trace Substances in Environmental Health. Vol. X, Univ. Missouri, Columbia. 

Chaney, R.L. Mielke, H.W. 1986. Standards for soil Le ad limitations in the United States. In Heamphill, D.D. (Ed.), Trace Substances in2036 MAS. Laidlaw, G.M. Filippelli / Applied Geochemistry 23 (2008) 2021-2039 Environmental Health, vol. XX. University of Missouri, Columbia, 357-377. 

The possibility for transport of Dicamba in subsurface soils, resulting in subsequent groundwater pollution, is potentially high. Both Dicamba and its initial transformation product 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid have p2Ca values of 1.95 [392]. The high solubility of these weak acids at neutral to high pH makes it feasible for them to be mobile in lime treated or neutral pH soils. In the field, Dicamba (1) has been found to leach to a depth of 1 m over a 2-month period following application in a Missouri clay pan soil [296], (2) was discovered in approximately... 

Illinois soil), 5.91 (Illinois and North Dakota sediments), 6.07 (Iowa sediment), 6.23 (Georgia and Missouri sediments), 6.36 (Iowa loess), 6.38 (Illinois sediment), 6.42 (South Dakota sediment), 6.43 (Indiana sediment), 6.43, 6.47 (Illinois sediment), 6.48 (West Virginia soil), 6.49 (Kentucky sediment) (Hassett et al, 1980 Means et al, 1980)... 

Water. As shown in Figure 4, usage of water by soybeans increases steadily to a maximum 12 to 14 weeks after emergence in Missouri. Water uptalce is shown as a percent of the maximum quantity needed and is adapted from data on soil water depletion ( y. Water differs from other soil-supplied growth factors in that it is continually being lost by evaporation. Any water lost by evaporation or plant use at any point in the growing season is permanently lost. Evaporation may result in water movement over considerable distances to plant roots in soil. The depletion zone for water may therefore extend well beyond the plant roots. 

We will refer to the UK MAFF/ADAS publications in the appropriate chapter. There are, however, published procedures on the web, particularly from the USA. Two such manuals are available from Delaware Cooperative Extension (1995) Recommended Soil Testing Procedures for the Northeastern United States, 2nd Edition, and from the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station (1998) Recommended Chemical Soil Test Procedures for the North Central Region at their respective websites ... 

An important figure in popularizing agricultural chemical analysis, especially regarding soils and their role in plant, animal and human nutrition and health was William A. Albrecht (d. 1974), who published hundreds of papers and press articles from 1918 to 1974. He was based at the Department of Soils of the Missouri Experiment Station. A collection of many of these publications has been edited by Walters (1975-1995). They are published by Acres USA ... 

C N (or carbohydrate protein) ratios are important with respect to the relative requirements of plants and microbes. Straw has a C N value of approximately 80 1, whereas after ploughing under to form a humus-rich soil, the value narrows to about 12 1. Albrecht found that the humus fraction of the experimental Sanborn Field, cultivated over 50 years, had a C N ratio of about from 2 1 to 3.4 1, where the lower ratio is similar to that of the microbes themselves. Therefore, if microbes feed on straw that has been incorporated into the soil, they will require an additional source of nitrogen, and happen to be more successful at competing with plants for the same nutrient. In Missouri clay, Albrecht found 1.5% C and 0.15% N, which represents a favourable ratio of 10 1, and is an average value for well-weathered soils (Walters, 1989). 

Sulfate-sulfur. In Recommended Chemical Soil Test Procedures for the North Central Region. NCR Research Publication No. 221 (Revised), Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 35 0. 

Graham, E.R. (1959) An explanation of theory and methods of soil testing. Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin... 

Walters, C. Jr (1 975) (ed.) The Albrecht Papers, Vol. II. Soil Fertility and Animal LJealth. Acres USA, Kansas City, Missouri, 192... 

They soon discovered that the Verona wastes used by Bliss were contaminated with dioxins, a group of chemical compounds believed to pose a health threat to humans and other animals. EPA studies showed that the level of dioxins in the town s soil and water were so high that residents were at risk for development of cancer and perhaps other diseases. In one of the most dramatic actions ever taken by the agency, it decided (in cooperation with the state of Missouri and the Federal Emergency Management Agency) to buy the town and pay residents the cost of their relocation to other communities. 

At Times Beach, Missouri, a pharmaceutical and chemical company produced wastes that contained 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) from the production of hexachlorophene. The operational costs for a single HTTS unit was 110,000,000. A total of 265,000 tons of soil and debris were incinerated. This corresponds to a total unit cost for incineration of about 800 per ton (D184570, p. 243). 

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