Emissions from point source

While process and equipment modification are generally the preferred alternatives for reducing emissions from a plant, some form of control is necessary before emissions are discharged into the environment. Technologies discussed in this section are applicable in preventing emissions from point sources such as process or tank vents. These technologies fall into two main categories ... 

Priority la Ambient concentrations significantly above primary standards and due to emission from point sources. 

Fiirhacker, M., Scharf, S., Weber, H., 2000. Bisphenol A Emissions from point sources. Chemosphere 41, 751-756. 

E. D. Suttie, E. W. Wolff, The local deposition of heavy metal emissions from point sources in Antarctica, Atmos. Environ., 27A (1993), 1833-1841. 

One method in which this division is explicit is maximum entropy (Max-Ent) which has proved to be very effective in producing images from the COMPTEL instrument on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory CGRO. In this paper I briefly describe MaxEnt and illustrate applications to COMPTEL data for imaging of continuum emission from point sources and for imaging the full sky. Applications to line emission are covered by R. Diehl in an accompanying paper. I also mention some new developments in Bayesian methods. 

Air quality problems associated with dispersion of city plumes are compounded by the presence of an already contaminated environment. Even though conventional processes normally work to disperse emissions from point sources, they do occur within the city plume. Because of microclimates within the city and the volume of pollutants that must be handled, conventional processes often cannot disperse the pollutants effectively. Other compounding conditions present in areas where city plumes are generated— topographical barriers, surface inversions, and stagnating anticyclones— work to intensify the city plume and result in high pollutant concentrations. 

VOC emissions from point sources but not including pentane 2) The emission values in the water are measured after treatment. The waste water treatment facility can be inside the plant or at a centralised location. These values are not necessarily correlated as they all represent average emission values. Each plant emits according to local permits and site-specific treatment plant specifications. Water treatment may be required according to local regulations. ... 

Fig. 25-3. Bubble concept. This pollution control concept places an imaginary bubble over an entire industrial plant, evaluating emissions from the facility as a whole instead of requiring control point-by-point on emission sources. Numbers represent emissions from individual sources, some of which can be fugitive sources, and from the entire industrial plant. Source Drawing courtesy of the Chemical Manufacturers Association.

Precusor Emissions emissions from point or regional sources that transform into pollutants with varied chemical properties. 

As said before, the figure of 2.5-kg C02 per kg of H2 does not necessarily represent a lower limit of what can be achieved, as much of the remaining emissions still come from point sources, from which C02 could again be captured. It does indicate a sensible well-to-wheel emission level in the medium term when CCS will not be ubiquitous. 

Trends in air pollutant concentrations can be predicted with simple empirical models based on atmospheric and laboratoiy data. Concentrations of nonreactive pollutants from point sources can be predicted vfith accuracy well within a factor of 2 predictions are more likely to be too high than too low, especially predictions of concentration peaks. Concentrations of reactive pollutants, such as ozone and other photochemical oxidants, can be predicted reasonably well with photochemical-diffusion models when detailed emission, air quality, and meteorolc c measurements are available most such predictions of air pollution in Los Angeles, California, have been accurate to within approximately 50% for ozone. Detailed performance analyses are found elsewhere in this chapter. 

This emissive power is assumed to be over the whole flame surface area, and is significantly less than the emissive powers that can be calculated from point source measurements. Increasing the pool diameter reduces the emissive power due to the increasing black smoke outside the flame and the resulting obscuration effect on the luminous flame. 

Clara M, Scheffknecht C, Scharf S, Weiss S, Cans O (2008) Emissions of perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFAS) from point sources - identification of relevant branches. Water Sci Technol 58 59-66... 

Eatough, D.J., Eatough, M., Lewis, L.J. et al. (1996) Apportionment of sulfur oxides at canyonlands during the winter of 1990 — II. fingerprints of emissions from point and regional sources impacting canyonlands. Atmospheric Environment, 30(2), 283-94. 

For industrial processes, the authorisation process should be limited to instances when the reporting of monitoring data from point source emissions with a high potential for causing trans-boundary pollution cannot demonstrate adequate control - see Definitions in Appendix 1.1. 

If environmental concentrations result from point sources of trans-boundary pollution, a programme of environmental monitoring corresponding to set emission level values should be proposed to control the point source emission. 

The human-related sources of mercury to the environment are numerous and widespread. Most direct inputs of mercury from point sources to aquatic systems have largely been contained in most developed countries. Inputs of mercury to the environment via the atmosphere are of the greatest concern. These emissions, coupled with long-distance transport of elemental mercury, have resulted in elevated concentrations of mercury in fish from locations that are removed from anthropogenic sources (e.g., open-ocean, and semi-remote regions in the United States, Canada, Scandinavia Wiener et al., 2002). A summary of the fluxes from major sources (for 1995) is shown... 

Progress has been made in some areas since 1970. Emissions of pollutants from point sources into air and water have decreased. Toxic releases are decreasing. Some Superfund sites have been cleaned up. Businesses would no longer think of dumping a barrel of waste solvent on the ground at the landfill site so that the barrel could be used again for the same purpose. Control of pollutants from nonpoint sources is still a problem. There is now more international cooperation and discussion of global problems, such as ozone depletion by chlorofluorocarbons and the effect of... 

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