Field environment

Morgan, J.M., Hare, R.A. Fletcher, R.J. (1986). Genetic variation in osmoregulation in bread and durum wheats and its relationship to grain yield in a range of field environments. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 37, 449-57. 

Most field environments are dynamic. There are therefore continuous changes in the input and in the metabolites that are being produced. Interpretation of chemical analyses may therefore be equivocal, and metabolites may be removed at different rates. One approach has been to use surrogate contaminants, for example, ( /Z)-chlorofluoroethene for chloro-ethene, in which only the E isomer is dechlorinated (Ennis et al. 2005). 

Pattanayak, J., Mandich, N.V., Mondal, K., Wiltowski, T., and Lalvani, S.B., Removal of iron and nickel from solutions by applications of electric field, Environ. Technol., 20, 317, 1999. 

Most mycotoxin-producing Penicillium species are primarily known as storage pathogens however, some may be found in the field environment and these will be addressed here. 

Reactions in which isomerization of coordination compounds occur in solutions are common, and some reactions of this type in solid complexes have been studied. Generally, there is a change in color of the complex as the crystal field environment of the metal ion changes. Accordingly, some of the color changes that occur when complexes are heated may indicate isomerization, but very few geometrical isomerization reactions in solid complexes have been studied in detail. One such reaction is... 

Barata C, Damasio J, Lopez MA, Kuster M, De Alda ML, Barcelo D, Riva MC, Raldua D (2007) Combined use of biomarkers and in situ bioassays in Daphnia magna to monitor environmental hazards of pesticides in the field. Environ Toxicol Chem 26(2) 370-379... 

Santos TCR, Rocha JC, Alonso RM, Martinez E, Ibanez C, Barcelo D (1998) Rapid degradation of propanil in rice crop fields. Environ Sci Technol 32(22) 3479-3484... 

Larsen, K.J., S.R. Brewer, and D.H. Taylor. 1994. Differential accumulation of heavy metals by web spiders and ground spiders in an old-field. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13 503-508. 

Bycroft, B.M., B.A.W. Coller, G.B. Deacon, D.J. Coleman, and P.S. Lake. 1982. Mercury contamination of the Lerderderg River, Victoria, Australia, from an abandoned gold field. Environ. Pollut. 28A 135-147. 

Seiber, N.J., S.C. Madden, M.M. McChesney, and W.L. Winterlin. 1979. Toxaphene dissipation from treated cotton field environments component residual behavior on leaves, and in air, soil and sediments determined by capillary gas chromatography. Jour. Agric. Food Chem. 27 284-290. 

Voordouw, G., Niviere, V, Ferris, F. G., Fedorak, P. M. and Westlake, D. W. (1990) Distribution of hydrogenase genes in Desulfovibrio spp. and their use in identification of species from oil fields environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 56, 3748-54. 

Mabury, S.A. and Crosby, D.G. Fate and disposition of diflubenzuron in rice fields. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 15(11) 1908-1913, 1996. 

Animals find a multitude of interesting distractions in a field environment. Since they operate in a world of aromas undetectable to us, it is hard to realize how many distractions there may be. Certainly food aromas and sexual stimulation aromas are present. Animals are subject to physical ailments, just as we are. A dog with the equivalent of a head cold is not as effective in search. Providing proper care for the animal in such locations often becomes difficult and expensive. Training is also time consuming and expensive. In spite of all... 

In rats, intracerebroventricular administration of NPY has been associated with an attenuation in ambulation, grooming, and defecation associated with a novel or open-field environment (B. E. Leonard and Song 1994]. ffow-ever, in an elevated plus-maze, this group reported that NPY effects were negligible. NPY-associated behavioral changes were also accompanied by changes in homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and by the suppression of lymphocyte proliferation. Further evidence of anxiolytic effects... 

In such oil field environments, the situation is more complex for the rubber material either a seal or any other component because of the following reasons. 

The deliberate introduction of acids (HC1, HF), bases (inhibitors) completion fluids (metal halides, carbonates etc.) and gases (C02, N2) creates another set of problems. These interactions are reasonably well understood by only a very few users. The oil field environment is unique and there is no other environment with similar problems so there is little technology transfer potential. 

A typical elastomer selection for service in the oil field environment is often based on what might logically be described as the best of a bad lot in the selection process. Elastomers based on addition polymerization reactions,i.e., NBR, FKM, CR, EPDM are more... 

Klebe, G. (1994) The use of composite crystal-field environments in molecular recognition and the de novo design of protein ligands. J. Mol. Biol. 237,221-235. 

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