Mineral raw materials

The KDF Filter. The KDP filter (Pig. 23) (Amafilter, Holland) is based on the same principle as disk filters. It was developed for the treatment of mineral raw materials, like coal flotation concentrates or cement slurries, and can produce a filter cake of low moisture content at very high capacities, up... 

Production. Titanium is the seventh most common metallic element in the earth s cmst. Titanium minerals are plentiful in nature (19). The most common mineral /raw materials used for the production of titanium dioxide pigments are shown in Table 1. 

Serious science started in Russian empire in the middle of the XVIII century. The first known Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov obtained (in the I750sJ experimental data on the preservation of the mass of substances in chemical reactions. T.E. Lovits discovered adsorption from solutions he used wood carbon as an adsorbent. Among other scientists, Lovits detected compounds using characteristic forms of their crystals. V.M. Severgin published a book on analysis of mineral raw materials. 

Deposits of niobium-tantalum ores are found in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Malaysia, Namibia, Nigeria, Russia, Rwanda, Spain, Thailand, Zaire, and Zimbabwe. A more detailed analysis of worldwide tantalum mineral raw material supply can be found in Linden s comprehensive overview [22,23]. 

Two main methods exist for the production of tantalum and niobium from the mineral raw material. The first method is based on the chlorination of raw material, followed by separation and purification by distillation of tantalum and niobium in the form of pentachlorides, TaCl5 and NbCl5 [24, 29]. Boiling points of tantalum and niobium pentachlorides (236°C and 248°C, respectively) are relatively low and are far enough apart to enable separation by distillation. 

S.A. Kuznetsov, P.T. Stangrit, Physicochemical investigations of rare elements and the processes of their separation from mineral raw material, Apatity, 1980, p. 25 (in Russian). 

A.I. Agulyansky, B.M. Freidin, Investigations on physicochemical principals of refining technology of mineral raw material, Nauka, Leningrad, (1983) 19 (in Russian). 

Physicochemical properties and stability of minerals decide many vital processes relevant to their treatment. The solubility of minerals in various media and oxidation-reduction reactions involving minerals and various reagents are all very significant in the technology of mineral raw material processing. 

Ginsburg, I.E., Zuravleva, L.N., and Ivanov, E.B., Rare Earth Elements and their Origin, USSR Research Institute of Mineral Raw Materials, Moscow, 1959. 

Consequently Ti sponge has quadrupled in price from 1975 to 1980, whereas the price of Zr has only doubled. It is expected that the relative price level of Zr will continue to swing widely, affecting the choice of Zr for some ordnance application. Earlier economic assessments regarding the high cost of Zr are quite invalid today, and it is expected that Zr will continue to remain attractive. The cost of the mineral raw material usedin producing Zr metal is small compared with production costs and changes in the price of zircon are not necessarily reflected in the price of the metal. Whereas historically the adjusted price for the mineral and the metal have been sharply downward, this trend seems to have been revised and in future the metal price will be better correlated with the cost of electric power... 

Polanski A., 1974, Geochemia i surowce mineralne (Geochemistry and Mineral Raw Materials)i, Wyd. Geol., Warszawa. 

A knowledge of minerals and of their formation processes serves as a basis of study of inanimate nature. That knowledge becomes increasingly necessary to the understanding of technological processes involving mineral raw materials. All inorganic materials turned out by present-day industry are the effect of a mechanical, chemical, thermal or pressure action on minerals or their associations called rocks. 

Studies ofniobium and tantalum alkoxides were started by Bradley in the 1950s as apart of the studies of a broad range of derivatives ofrare metals for the separation of the elements from the mineral raw materials. 

The necessity to satisfy the growth in consumption leads to an increase in the use of natural resources. Between 1960 and 1995 the global use of mineral raw materials increased by a factor of 2.5 metals 2.1, wood 2.3, and synthetic materials 5.6. This increase considerably exceeded the growth in population size, despite its extreme nonuniformity. For instance, the U.S.A. whose population constitutes about 5% of the world s consumes about one-fourth of the global resources of fossil fuel. The U.S.A.,... 

Chukhrov, F. V. et al. Abstract in 8th All-Union Conf. on X-ray analysis of Mineral Raw Materials. Symp. on Phase Analysis. Moscow IGEM ANSSSR (1979)... 

Ru, Os Paper-chromato- graphy Mineral raw materials + Thiourea 1-3x10 % 293)... 

Rock wool is manufactured from sedimentary or magmatic rocks (e.g. clay, marl, basalt and in particular diabase) with small quantities of additives e.g. lime and dolomite. Slag fibers, produced from slags from metallurgical processes, e.g. blast furnace slags, with added mineral raw materials such as lime, dolomite, quartz or clay, are only of minor commercial importance. 

Carbothermal synthesis and its variant, silicothermal synthesis, have proved attractive routes for preparing sialons from readily available clay mineral raw materials. The clay is mixed with fine carbon and/or silicon powder and reacted in a stream of purified nitrogen at > 1400°C. The 3-sialon product carbothermally synthesised from kaolinite has the composition Si3Al303N5 (z = 3), controlled by the Si02 Al203 ratio of the clay... 

Is the source renewable or depleting, e.g. carbohydrates, proteins, fatty oils etc., as opposed to fossil and mineral raw materials ... 

Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, annual, 1910-. Data on production, sales, consumption, foreign trade, and prices of minerals and mineral products, including chemicals derived from coal and petroleum, nonferrous metals, sulfur, and other mineral raw materials. Data for 1950 for many items now available in preprint form, and many preliminary annual and monthly data for 1951 and 1952 available in Mineral Industry Surveys. Formerly Mineral Resources of the United States, 1910-1931. 

Shcherbov, D. P. Fluorimetry in Chemical Analysis of Mineral Raw Material, Moscow, Nedra, 1965... 

In the framework of international standardization, hydraulic oils are classified by the ISO 3448 standards for viscosity classes and ISO 6074 for operational properties. According to ISO 6074, liquids from mineral raw material used in hydraulic systems are incorporated in group H, which in turn is subdivided into four categories depending on the structure of the oils and the application area ... 

Bayer and Wiedemarm (1981) reported on the mineralogy of zirconium and its uses as precious stones (zircon, phianite, and dje-valithe are all very hard), mineral raw materials, foundry sand, abrasives, and corrosion-resistant metals. Insoluble zirconium silicates have been used in cosmetic creams, powders, and antiperspirants. Zirconium tetrachloride is a white powder that is very moisture-sensitive (Dressier et al. 1983). 

Introduction Alkaline-earth metal carbonates and especially calcite are the most popular reactants in studying the decomposition kinetics of solids. This is caused, not only by the use of carbonates as mineral raw materials for some industrial processes (in particular, production of lime), but also by the fact that the decomposition of calcite is a convenient model reaction for studying the kinetics and mechanism of solid-state reactions as a whole. An enormous number of papers, summarized in part in several monographs [43, 45, 99] and reviews [100-102], deal with the decomposition of carbonates. A series... 

Institute for Technology of Nuclear and Other Mineral Raw Materials, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro... 

Aleksandar M. Spasic is a research fellow at Institute for Technology of Nuclear and Other Mineral Raw Materials, Department of Chemical Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia. After he received an IAEA fellowship realized in the Laboratory of Ultra-Refractory Materials, CNRS, Odeillo Font-Romeu, France, his research activities were related to the finely dispersed systems and, in particular, to the electroviscoelastic phenomena at rigid and deformable liquid-liquid interfaces. 

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