Metallurgical process

D. W. Ager and E. R. Dement, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Solvent Extraction in Metallurgical Processes, Technologisch Instituut K. VIV, Antwerp, Belgium, 1972, p. 27. 

J. A. Herbst, ed.. Control 84—Minerals f Metallurgical Processing AIMME, New York, 1984. 

R. K. Rajamani andj. A. Herbst, eds.. Control 90—Mineral and Metallurgical Processing SME, Litdeton, Colo., 1990. 

Ferrophosphoms is produced as a by-product in the electrothermal manufacture of elemental phosphoms, in which iron is present as an impurity in the phosphate rock raw material. The commercial product contains ca 23—29% P and is composed primarily of Fe2P [1310-43-6] and Fe P [12023-53-9] along with impurities such as Cr and V. Ferrophosphoms is used in metallurgical processes for the addition of phosphoms content. Low concentrations (up to - 0.1%) of phosphoms in wrought and cast iron and steel not only increases the strength, hardness, and wear resistance but also improves the flow properties. In large stmctural members and plates, it is desirable to use a type of steel that does not need to be quenched or tempered, and thus does not exhibit weld-hardening. This property is afforded by the incorporation of a small quantity of phosphoms in steel. Ferrophosphoms from western U.S. phosphoms production is used as a raw material for the recovery of vanadium (see Vanadiumand vanadiumalloys). 

J. Eeinman, ed.. Plasma Technology in Metallurgical Processing, Books on Demand, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1986. 

Reactions of this type ate important in high temperature metallurgical processes in which CaO, which may be produced by decomposition of CaCO, reacts with and removes acidic impurities, eg, in the pig-iron blast furnace (6). 

Emissions from other nonferrous metal facilities are primarily metal fumes or metal oxides of extremely small diameter. Zinc oxide fumes vary from 0.03 to 0.3 jiim and are toxic. Lead and lead oxide fumes are extremely toxic and have been extensively studied. Arsenic, cadmium, bismuth, and other trace metals can be emitted from many metallurgical processes. 

Air Pollution Emissions from Miscellaneous Nonferrous Metallurgical Processes... 

After the steel is tapped from the furnace, it is poured into ingots or continuously cast into slabs or billets. Many metallurgical processes are... 

Fabric filters can be more costly to operate and maintain than electrostatic precipitators, cyclones, and scrubbers however, fabric filters are more practicable for filtration of specific dusts. For example fabric systems are the typical control method for toxic dusts from insecticide manufacturing processes, salt fumes from heat treating, metallic fumes from metallurgical processes, and other applications. Any other control method may not be as efficient, nor economically feasible for such applications. 

Doremus, R. II. (1994). Glass Science. New York Wiley. Fine, II. A., and Geiger, G. II. (1993). Handbook on Material and Energy Balance Calculations in Metallurgical Processes. Warrendale, PA TMS. 

Ingraham, T. R., in Applications of Fundamental Thermodynamics to Metallurgical Processes, ed. Fitterer, G. R. Gordon Breach, New York London, 179 (1967)... 

Rao, Y. K., Stoichiometry and Thermodynamics of Metallurgical Processes, Cambridge University Press, London 626 (1985)... 

Carbon is a relatively inert element chemically and is used in its graphitic and pre-graphitic forms as a construction material under a variety of corrosive conditions. Modern uses include heat exchangers in chemical plants, consumable electrodes in a variety of metallurgical processes and the components of rocket motors and the moderators of gas- and litiuid-cooled nuclear reactors. The demand for carbon products at the present time is I0 t/year. 

With less active metals, a chemical reducing agent can be used to reduce a metal cation to the element. The most common reducing agent in metallurgical processes is carbon, in the form of coke or, more exactly, carbon monoxide formed from the coke. 

The most important metallurgical process involving carbon is the reduction of hematite ore, which consists largely of iron(III) oxide, Fe203, mixed with silicon dioxide, Si02. Reduction occurs in a blast furnace (Figure 20.4a) typically 30 m high and 10 m in diameter. The... 

Roasting A metallurgical process in which a sulfide ore is heated in air, forming either the free metal or the metal oxide, 539 Rock candy, 17 Rowland, F. Sherwood, 311 Rubber elasticity, 470 Ruminant, 620 Rusting, 87... 

This type of understanding makes possible the metallurgical processing of steel (and other metals). This type of reasoning makes possible an increase in our perception of the regularities of nature. It begins with wondering why. 

Tungsten i s a highly refractory, high-density metal. It has excellent chemical resistance except that it oxidizes readily. It is brittle mostly because of impurities and is difficult to form by standard metallurgical processes. It can be produced easily by CVD as a very pure and relatively ductile metal. CVD tungsten is used in many applications and is an important semiconductor metal. Its properties are summarized in Table 6.13. 

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