Mineral matter definition

This is used principally for the manufacture of cordite. It sitould be free from foreign matter, scales and particles, and. should have a flash point of at least 400 F. (205 C.) and a sp. gr. of not less than 0 87 at too I. (37 8 C.). It should not lose more than 0 2 per cent, in weight on heating for 12 hours on a water-bath and should be practically free from mineral matter. The acidity may be tested by dissolving in ether, allowing to settle and titrating a measured portion of the liquid with alcoholic potassium hydroxide. The mineral jelly should be practically neutral. Mineral jelly has no definite melting point. It is impt)rtant that the mineral jelly shall not have... 

Although the preceding observations seem to indicate definite mineral matter influences on kerogen decomposition, extrapolation of the results to actual oil shale processing is tenuous because a physical mixture of kerogen and mineral matter, such as was used in most of the previous work, is not likely to reproduce the exact forms of physical structure or chemical bonding that exist in indigenous oil shale ... 

Mineral matter is generally considered to be the sum total of all inorganic minerals (discrete phases) and elements that are present in coal ( .). Thus, all elements in coal except organically combined C, H, 0, N, and S are classified by this definition as mineral matter. This adequately classifies most inorganic elements in coals, those that are structually bound within various minerals, but some other elements are also combined in the organic matter. For bituminous coals such elements include B, Be, Br, Ge, Sb, and V (2-5) lower rank coals much of the Ca is combined as an organic salt. In... 

Clays are fine-grained, sedimentary rocks originated from the hydrothermal weathering volcanic volcanic ashes in akaline lakes and seas. As such, clays are classified based on then-stratigraphic position, location, and mineral content. Clays contain minerals of definite crystaline structure and elementary composition, some as main components, many as impurities, which usually include orj nic matter in the form of humic acids. Notwithstanding the fundamental difference between clay and day mineral, both terms are sometimes used as indistinctly, esjjecially in the frequent occasions in which the day has a single principal mineral component in this sense, the day is considered as the impure mineral and the mineral as the purified day (Utracki, 2004). 

By definition, it has a heating value of less than 8300 Btu/lb on a mineral matter-free basis. 

Aluminum, silicon, and iron can influence the size of the electrostatic precipitator. But, moreover, the fly ash can cause degradation of any catalyst used downstream by blocking the pores as well as causing erosion. This is in addition to any possible detrimental effects of the mineral matter in a coal conversion plant. Again, catalyst poisoning as well as adverse catalytic effects of the mineral constituents on the process may occur (Jenkins and Walker, 1978). On the other hand, any potential beneficial catalytic effects of the mineral constituents of coal (especially in relation to conversion processes) (Bredenberg et al., 1987) also need evaluation and precise definition. 

Furthermore, the broad definition which defines mineral matter as all elements in coal except carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur needs some modification since four of these five elements occur in inorganic locations and are, therefore, part of the mineral matter. For example, (1) carbon occurs in carbonates (2) hydrogen occurs in water of hydration, as well as in any free water in the coal (3) oxygen occurs in carbonates, sulfates, and silicates as well as in water as well as in water of hydration and free water in the coal and (4) sulfur occurs in sulfates and sulfides, predominantly pyrite and marcasite. 

Bone coal or bone Impure coal that contains mnch clay or other fine-grained detrital mineral matter the term bone coal has been erroneonsly nsed for cannel coal, canneloid coal, and well-cemented to metamorphosed coaly mndstone and (or) claystone. Bone coal has also been applied to carbonaceous partings the term impure coal accompanied by adjective modifiers such as silty, shaly, or sandy is the preferred usage because the definition of bone coal does not specify the type or weight percentages of impurities. 

The analyses of the air-dried equilibrated sample for moisture, ash, and volatile matter are collectively termed the proximate analysis. Fixed carbon is, by definition, the difference between 100 and the sum of the analytes (moisture, ash, volatile matter). The proximate analysis gives information on the classification of coal by measuring the relative percentage of volatile and nonvolatile organic matter as those of moisture and noncombustible mineral matter. 

Minerals are the most abundant type of solid matter on the crust of the earth they are homogeneous materials that have a definite composition and an orderly internal structure. Minerals make up most of the bulk of rocks, the comminuted particles of sediments, and the greater part of most soils. Over 3000 minerals have been identified, and new ones are discovered each year. Only a few hundred, however, are common most of the others, such as, for example, the precious stones, are difficult to find (Ernst 1969). Table 3 lists common minerals and mineraloids. Many schemes have been devised for classifying the minerals. In the scheme presented in Table 4, minerals are arranged in classes according to their increasing compositional chemical complexity. 

The clay fraction, which has long been considered as a very important and chemically active component of most solid surfaces (i.e., soil, sediment, and suspended matter) has both textural and mineral definitions [22]. In its textural definition, clay generally is the mineral fraction of the solids which is smaller than about 0.002 mm in diameter. The small size of clay particles imparts a large surface area for a given mass of material. This large surface area of the clay textural fraction in the solids defines its importance in processes involving interfacial phenomena such as sorption/desorption or surface catalysis [ 17,23]. In its mineral definition, clay is composed of secondary minerals such as layered silicates with various oxides. Layer silicates are perhaps the most important component of the clay mineral fraction. Figure 2 shows structural examples of the common clay solid phase minerals. 

Such transformations have been extensively studied in quenched steels, but they can also be found in nonferrous alloys, ceramics, minerals, and polymers. They have been studied mainly for technical reasons, since the transformed material often has useful mechanical properties (hard, stiff, high damping (internal friction), shape memory). Martensitic transformations can occur at rather low temperature ( 100 K) where diffusional jumps of atoms are definitely frozen, but also at much higher temperature. Since they occur without transport of matter, they are not of central interest to solid state kinetics. However, in view of the crystallographic as well as the elastic and even plastic implications, diffusionless transformations may inform us about the principles involved in the structural part of heterogeneous solid state reactions, and for this reason we will discuss them. 

A very important and large group of the artificial colours is that composed of definite metallic compounds (oxides, hydroxides, salts) or of mixtures of two or more compounds, or of carbon either alone or associated with other substances. Metallic pigments consist of powdered metals. The lakes, formed from organic colouring matters fixed on mineral substances—mostly metallic oxides—are usually considered among the mineral colours. 

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