Bone coal

Bone ash Bone black Bone cement Bone coal Bone density... 

If the mineral matter in the coal exceeds about 40%, then the material is referred to as a coaly or carbonaceous shale. If the mineral matter is a finely divided clay, well dispersed in the coal, then the material may be described as a stony coal or bone coal. 

Bone" and "bone coals" have a high ash content in the form of clays and silts they form part of a continuum between dark shale and dull (banded or non-banded) coal in the following sequence dark shale, bone (greater than 50% ash), boney coal (less than 50%), dull coal (cannel, boghead, or splint). 

A—Pyrolytic carbon showing ribbon-like structure in vitrinoid bands. B—Faint gray lines define compression cracks in a bright micrinoid particle. C—Pyrrhotite (white) formed by the thermal decomposition of pyrite impregnating semifusinoids (gray). D—Bright coke particles in a baked-bone coal layer... 

Bone coal impure coal that contains much clay or other fine-grained detrital mineral matter. 

Bone "Coal and its Scientific Uses, London, Longmans Green Co., 1922, p. 458 ct sag. 

Finally, impure coal is that coal which contains between 25% and 50% w/w ash (after ignition) on a dry basis. Two types of impure coal are bone coal and mineralized coal. The former (bone coal) contains clay or other fine-grained mineral matter and, moreover, if the bone coal contains more than 50% w/w of ash, it is often (and properly) termed carbonaceous shale or siltstone. Mineralized coal is impure coal which is heavily impregnated with mineral matter. The inorganic material can be dispersed and/or localized along fissures or cleat joints (Law, 1993 Laubach et al., 1998). 

Bone coal or bone Impure coal that contains mnch clay or other fine-grained detrital mineral matter the term bone coal has been erroneonsly nsed for cannel coal, canneloid coal, and well-cemented to metamorphosed coaly mndstone and (or) claystone. Bone coal has also been applied to carbonaceous partings the term impure coal accompanied by adjective modifiers such as silty, shaly, or sandy is the preferred usage because the definition of bone coal does not specify the type or weight percentages of impurities. 

Impure coal Coal having 25 weight percent or more, but less than 50 weight percent ash on the dry basis (ASTM D2796) impure coal having more than 33 weight percent ash is excluded from resource and reserve estimates unless the coal is cleanable to less than 33 weight percent ash see Bone coal. 

Carbon-based blacks group Antler Antlerite Bitumen Bone Coal Indigo Hydroxylapatite Yeast Animal black Atramentum Black toner Boija black Drop black, Franlfort black German black Ivory black Paris black, Wine lees black... 

Historical. Pyridines were first isolated by destructive distillation of animal bones in the mid-nineteenth century (2). A more plentifiil source was found in coal tar, the condensate from coking ovens, which served the steel industry. Coal tar contains roughly 0.01% pyridine bases by weight. Although present in minute quantities, any basic organics can be easily extracted as an acid-soluble fraction in water and separated from the acid-insoluble tar. The acidic, aqueous phase can then be neutrali2ed with base to Hberate the pyridines, and distilled into separate compounds. Only a small percentage of worldwide production of pyridine bases can be accounted for by isolation from coal tar. Almost all pyridine bases are made by synthesis. 

Isolation and Structure Determination. The isolation and stmcture elucidation of vitamin D are closely related to the efforts to understand and cure tickets and related bone diseases. The advent of the use of soft coal, the migra tion of people to cities, and the tendency of people and animals to spend less time in sunshine caused a decline in the abiUty of populations to synthesize sufficient quantities of vitamin D. This led to the increased incidence of tickets, beginning around the mid-1600s (3). 

Dimethylpyridine has been isolated from the basic fraction of coal tar and also from the bone oil fraction distilling at 139-142°. It has also been prepared from ethyl aceto-pyruvate and ethyl /S-aminocrotonate. ... 

Carcinogens Cancer-producing agents Skin Respiratory Bladder/urinary tract Liver Nasal Bone marrow Coal tar pitch dust crude anthracene dust mineral oil mist arsenic. Asbestos polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons nickel ore arsenic bis-(chloromethyl) ether mustard gas. p-naphthylamine benzidine 4-am i nodi pheny lam ine. Vinyl chloride monomer. Mustard gas nickel ore. Benzene. 

Most black pigments are made of carbon black formed by depositing carbon from a smoky flame of natural gas on a metal surface. Lampblack is made similarly by burning oik Bone blacks are made from charred bones. Graphite occurs naturally or can be prepared from coal in electric furnaces. Mineral blacks come from shale, peat, and coal dust. Iron oxide blacks are found in nature or prepared. Blue lead sulfate is a pigment for priming. Of these, carbon black is su[XTinr. 

In some of the earliest recorded examples of adsorption, activated carbon was used as the adsorbent. Naturally occurring carbonaceous materials such as coal, wood, coconut shells or bones are decomposed in an inert atmosphere at a temperature of about 800 K. Because the product will not be porous, it needs additional treatment or activation to generate a system of fine pores. The carbon may be produced in the activated state by treating the raw material with chemicals, such as zinc chloride or phosphoric acid, before carbonising. Alternatively, the carbon from the carbonising stage may be selectively... 

Beryllium is an important metal alloy used in the nuclear power industry. Its presence in coal and oil results in more than 1250 tons being released into the environment annually from fuel combustion at power plants. Exposure is primarily from inhalation, but skin contact can result in dermatitis. Cigarette smokers also inhale a little beryllium. Initially, beryllium distributes to the liver, but ultimately is absorbed by bone. 

C. Raspe treated the ammoniacal liquid derived from the distillation of coal, bones, etc., with zinc carbonate to remove the sulphur, and finally distilled the product—the empyreumatic matters were removed by passing the vapours through hot coke. An acid carbonate is also made on a large scale from aqua ammonia (from gas liquor) and carbon dioxide. The product has 21-23 per cent, of ammonia. It decomposes more slowly than the ordinary commercial carbonate containing 31 per cent, of ammonia. According to P. Seidler, it furnishes the commercial carbonate when resublimed, as in the 1846 patent of F. C. Hills. 

Ammoniaeal Liquor or Gas Liquor. Impure ammonia water obtained as a by-product in the distillation of coal, tar, bones, etc... 

Pyrrole was first isolated in pure form in 1857 from bone oil, although it had been observed in 1834 that coal tar and bone oil contained a substance which imparted a red color to pine splinters moistened with mineral acid. The structural formula was established in 1870. Pyrrole chemistry up to the early 1930s is reviewed in the comprehensive treatise of Fischer and Orth (B-34MI30400) and two modern (excellent) books by Gossauer, and Jones and Bean are available (B-74MI30400, B-77MI30400). 

A powder which burns with a green flame is obtained by the addition of nitrate of baryta to chlorate of potash, nitrate of potash, acetate of copper. A white flame is made by the addition of sulfide of antimony, sulfide of arsenic, camphor. Red by the mixture of lampblack, coal, bone ash, mineral oxide of iron, nitrate of strontia, pumice stone, mica, oxide of cobalt. Blue with ivory, bismuth, alum, zinc, copper sulfate purified of its sea water [sic]. Yellow by amber, carbonate of soda, sulfate of soda, cinnabar. It is necessary in order to make the colors come out well to animate the combustion by adding chlorate of potash.15... 

Activated carbon A largely amorphous form of porous and high surface area graphite, which is used to sorb a wide variety of contaminants from air and water. A number of organic sources may be utilized to produce activated carbon, including wood, coal, peat, crop residues, bones, or petroleum byproducts. After charring the source materials to remove volatiles, the resulting carbon is usually activated with heat and chemicals (such as acids, bases, steam, or metal salts) to increase its surface area and improve sorption. 

Lung fibrosis occurs with a buildup of fibrous material inside lung cavities. The fibers are rich in collagen, the tough, fibrous protein that gives strength to bone and connective tissue. Chronic fibrosis can result from pulmonary exposure to aluminum dust, aluminum abrasives, chromium(VI), coal dust, kaolin clay dust, ozone, phosgene, silica, and finely divided mineral talc. 

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