Million

Example A.4.1 The purchased cost of a distillation column is 1 million, and the reboiler and condenser are 100,000. Calculate the annual cost of installed capital if the capital is to be annualized over a 5-year period at a fixed rate of interest of 5 percent. 

The sample is reduced in a hydrogen stream at 800°C in the presence of a nickel catalyst. The ammonia formed is detected by coulometry and the test sensitivity is on the order of one part per million. 

If no appraisal was performed, and the development was started based, say, on the medium case STOMP of 48 MMstb, then the actual STOMP would not be found until the facilities were built and the early development wells were drilled. If it turned out that the STOMP was only 20 MMstb, then the project would lose 40 million, because the facilities were oversized. If the STOMP is actually 48 MMstb, then the NPV is assumed to be the same as for the medium case after appraisal. If the STOMP was actually 100 MMstb, then the NPV of + 40 million is lower than for the case after appraisal (+ 66 million) since the facilities are too small to handle the extra production potential. 

In the example, development without appraisal leads to an NPV which is the weighted average of the outcomes m (-40+6+40) / 3 = + 2 million. Development after appraisal allows the decision not to develop in the case of the low STOMP, and the weighted average of then outcomes is m (0+6+66) / 3 = + 24 million. 

In this example it would therefore be justifiable to spend up to 22 million on appraisal activity which would distinguish between the high, medium, and low STOMP cases. If it would cost more than 22 million to determine this, then it would be better to go ahead without the appraisal. The decision tree has therefore been used to place a value on the appraisal activity, and to indicate when it is no longer worthwhile to appraise. 

Water separated from oil usually contains small amounts of oil which have to be removed before the water can be released to the environment. Specifications are getting tighter but standards ranging from 10-100 ppm (parts per million) oil in wafer before disposal are currently common. In most areas 40 ppm of oil in water is the legal requirement, i.e. 40 mg / litre. 

The legs of the platform can be used as settling tanks or temporary storage facilities for crude oil where oil is exported via tankers, or to allow production to continue in the event of a pipeline shut down. The Brent D platform in the North Sea weighs more than 200,000 tonnes and can store over a million barrels of oil. Topside modules are either installed offshore by lift barges, or can be positioned before the platform is floated out. 

Product quality is not limited to oil and gas quality certain effluent streams will also have to meet a legal specification. For example, in disposal of oil in water, the legislation in many offshore areas demands less than 40 ppm (parts per million) of oil in water for disposal into the sea. In the UK, oil production platforms are allowed to flare gas up to a legal limit. 

On Russia territory there are about 100 thousands of dangerous enterprises and objects, comprising about 1500 nuclear facilities and 3000 chemical and biological extremely hazardous objects. The average period of emergency situations is 10 — 15 years for accidents and disasters with the material loss up to 2 billion USDs, and 15 — 45 days, when the material loss is up to 100 million USDs. 

Bangladesh is a developing country of 3rd world located in South East Asia covering a tenitory of 147,730 sqkm with about 120 million population. Per capita income is about 220 and literacy rate for 7 years and above has been 32.4%. In the backdrop of agrarian poverty ridden economy, its population may exceed 125 m by 2000 AD. Its 47% population are living below poverty line 12.06m people are unemployed. 

In the coal-mining industry, more than 300 mines are operated in three coal-mining regions Ukraine produces only 5 5 million tons of its own oil, but the ramified network of oil pipelines supports the operation of 10 petroleum plants. The Ukrainian gas pipelines transport the Russian gas to Central and Western Europe. 

The relative simplicity of tlie method and the penetrative nature of the x-rays, yield a technique that is sensitive to elements with Z > 10 down to a few parts per million (ppm) and can be perfonued quantitatively from first principles. The databases for PIXE analysis programs [21, 22 and 23] are typically so well developed as to include accurate fiindamental parameters, allowing the absolute precision of the technique to be around 3% for major elements and 10-20% for trace elements. A major factor m applying the PIXE teclmique is that the bombardmg energy of the... 

A microbe employs a focused beams of energetic ions, to provide infomiation on the spatial distribution of elements at concentration levels that range from major elements to a few parts per million [27]. The range of teclmiques available that allowed depth infomiation plus elemental composition to be obtained could all be used in exactly the same way it simply became possible to obtain lateral infomiation simultaneously. 

Rapaport D C 1991 Multi-million particle molecular dynamics processing Comput. Phys. Commun. 62 217-28... 

For a very large number of variables, the question of storing the approximate Hessian or inverse Hessian F becomes important. Wavefunction optimization problems can have a very large number of variables, a million or more. Geometry optimization at the force field level can also have thousands of degrees of freedom. In these cases, the initial inverse Hessian is always taken to be diagonal or sparse, and it is best to store the... 

Densities in an A40T. The VCMOT typically captures about a million atoms in a volume less than a millimetre in... 

Most reactions in cells are carried out by enzymes [1], In many instances the rates of enzyme-catalysed reactions are enhanced by a factor of a million. A significantly large fraction of all known enzymes are proteins which are made from twenty naturally occurring amino acids. The amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to fonn polypeptide chains. The primary sequence of a protein specifies the linear order in which the amino acids are linked. To carry out the catalytic activity the linear sequence has to fold to a well defined tliree-dimensional (3D) stmcture. In cells only a relatively small fraction of proteins require assistance from chaperones (helper proteins) [2]. Even in the complicated cellular environment most proteins fold spontaneously upon synthesis. The detennination of the 3D folded stmcture from the one-dimensional primary sequence is the most popular protein folding problem. 

The components in catalysts called promoters lack significant catalytic activity tliemselves, but tliey improve a catalyst by making it more active, selective, or stable. A chemical promoter is used in minute amounts (e.g., parts per million) and affects tlie chemistry of tlie catalysis by influencing or being part of tlie catalytic sites. A textural (structural) promoter, on tlie otlier hand, is used in massive amounts and usually plays a role such as stabilization of tlie catalyst, for instance, by reducing tlie tendency of tlie porous material to collapse or sinter and lose internal surface area, which is a mechanism of deactivation. 

In many instances tire adiabatic ET rate expression overestimates tire rate by a considerable amount. In some circumstances simply fonning tire tire activated state geometry in tire encounter complex does not lead to ET. This situation arises when tire donor and acceptor groups are very weakly coupled electronically, and tire reaction is said to be nonadiabatic. As tire geometry of tire system fluctuates, tire species do not move on tire lowest potential energy surface from reactants to products. That is, fluctuations into activated complex geometries can occur millions of times prior to a productive electron transfer event. 

The nitrogenase system reduces hundreds of millions of kilograms of nitrogen gas to ammonia each year, catalysing tire reaction at ambient temperatures and atmospheric pressure. Nitrogenase consists of two proteins tliat contain... 

The most important source of helium is the natural gas from certain petroleum wells in the United States and Canada. This gas may contain as much as 8 % of helium. Because helium has a lower boiling point Table 12.1) than any other gas, it is readily obtained by cooling natural gas to a temperature at which all the other gases are liquid (77 K) almost pure helium can then be pumped off. The yearly production in this way may be many millions of m of gas. but something like 10 m per year is still wasted. 

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