Million metric tons per annum

Higher aliphatic alcohols (C —C g) are produced ia a number of important industrial processes using petroleum-based raw materials. These processes are summarized in Table 1, as are the principal synthetic products and most important feedstocks (qv). Worldwide capacity for all higher alcohols was approximately 5.3 million metric tons per annum in early 1990, 90% of which was petroleum-derived. Table 2 Hsts the major higher aliphatic alcohol producers in the world in early 1990. 

These substances enter the marine environment from a variety of sources, both through natural phenomena and anthropogenic activities. In 1985, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) published an assessment of petroleum pollution of the world s oceans and estimated that between 1.7 and 8.8 million metric tons per annum (mta) of oil enter the oceans. Within this range, 3.2 mta is regarded as the best single estimate—equivalent to about 0.1% of the total oil produced annually worldwide (about 3 billion metric tons). 

Since 1920 Latrobe Valley brown coal has been developed for power generation. The State Electricity Commission of Victoria (SECV) wins coal from two major open cuts at Yallourn and Morwell and operates coal fired power stations which presently consume approximately 35 million metric tons per annum. In addition to power generation, small quantities of brown coal are used for briquette manufacture and char production. 

In the late 1980s, the application of chromia-alumina catalysts was extended by Houdry to the dehydrogenation of propane to propylene and isobutane to isobutylene. The new process application called Catofin operates on the same cyclic principle as in the former Catadiene process. As of late 2000, a total of eight Catofin units existed for the production of isobutylene (including two converted older Catadiene units) with an aggregate capacity of about 2.8 million metric tons per annum (MTA) of isobutylene. In addition, two Catofin units were built for the production of propylene, but it is understood that only... 

The existing market in 1990 in the Western hemisphere was estimated to be about 1 million metric tons per annum. Table II gives the approximate distribution of these products in powder form according to the different types. The capacity has doubled since 1974 (I). If the Eastern hemisphere is included, the value of 1 million metric tons per year increases by approximately 20%. 

Worldwide production capacities in 1990 were estimated to be about 1 million metric tons per annum. In 2000 they were at about 1.3 million metric tons. 

UOP licensed the first Cyclar-based aromatics complex in the Middle East. This Cyclar unit is a low-pressure design that is capable of converting 1.3 million metric tons per annum (MTA) of light petroleum gas (LPG) to aromatics. The associated aromatics complex is designed to produce 350,000 MTA of benzene, 300,000 MTA of para-xylene, and 80,000 MTA of orthoxylene. This new aromatics complex was started in August 1999 and continues to operate at present. 

The DetaF process, jointly developed by UOP and Compania Espanola de Petroleos, S.A., uses a solid heterogeneous acid catalyst. Since its commercial introduction in 1995, 75% of all new unit capacity additions have been based on this process technology. As of 2006, the installed capacity of Detal process units represents -18% of the 3.5 million metric tons per annum total world production of LAB and by 2011, it is expected to surpass 22% of the world production capacity. A typical flow scheme for the Detal process is shown in Figure 2.6. 

Polyurethanes are a primary component of the global polymer market. They amount to about 6% of the total world plastic use. The world consumption of polyurethanes in 2000 was about 8 million tons, with a global growth averaging around 3-4% a year. The Western Hemisphere uses about 3 million metric tons per annum. Western Europe approximately 2.6 million metric tons per annum, the remainder being used in Asia and Africa. 

The use of polyamides in plastic applications dates back to the original commercialization of this polymer. The first polyamide application was the introduction by DuPont in 1938 of nylon-6,6 for tooth brush filaments (1). Although fiber applications soon dominated, the use of polyamides as plastics grew steadily from the 1950s and is estimated to represent more than 25% of total polyamide use in the year 2000 or 1.65 million metric tons per year (2). Growth is about 8-9% per annum compared to less than 1.5% for fibers (3). 

An estimated total of 1.4 million metric tons of milk is produced in Ethiopia from an estimated population of 4.6 million cows, 9.3 million goats, 3 million ewes and 0.15 million camels. On a national scale, the per capita milk consumption is estimated at 19 to 30 kg per annum. A recent survey undertaken by the Addis Ababa Agricultural Bureau shows that there are a total of 5,167 small, medium and large dairy farms in and around Addis Ababa city. The total milk production from these dairy farms amounts to 34,649,450 liters per annum. Of this, 73% is sold, 10% is left for household consumption, 9.4% goes... 

In 1983, Hindustan Salt Limited was producing 0.2 million metric tons of iodized salt per annum. With the private sector entering the field, by 1990, there was a quantum leap in the quantity of iodized salt produced to 2.5 million metric tons annually. However, at that time, 962 salt iodization plants had been set up in India, with installed capacity for 12 million metric tons of iodized salt. Therefore, production was less than capacity, indicating insufficient consumer demand for iodized salt. In the absence of consumer awareness of IDD, many people were not willing to pay the extra cost for iodized salt. 

According to a market opportunity study published in 2008 by the United Soybean Board [19], the total global lubricant demand through 2010 is expected to be about 41.8 million metric tons with an expected growth rate of about 2% per annum. The fastest growth will be in the Asia-Pacific region, particularly in Ghina. 

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