Pipeline supports

In the coal-mining industry, more than 300 mines are operated in three coal-mining regions Ukraine produces only 5 5 million tons of its own oil, but the ramified network of oil pipelines supports the operation of 10 petroleum plants. The Ukrainian gas pipelines transport the Russian gas to Central and Western Europe. 

The reaction of the pipe itself should be accounted for in the design of the pipeline supports because of bending-related forces and moments that are produced (see Chapter 6). 

On the height-adjustable support, the pipeline support is on the special rail to guarantee moving flexibly back and forth. 

Aboveground valves, piping, and appurtenances such as flange joints, expansion joints, valve glands and bodies, catch pans, pipeline supports, locking of valves, and metal surfaces are inspected regularly.[ 112.8(d)(4) and 112.12(dX4)] ... 

It is also possible to place insulation material, such as glass-fiber mat, between the concrete support and the tank after coating the concrete support with bitumen coating. A design recommended for pipeline supports is shown in Fig. 8.52. 

Loads on Supported Pipelines. Supports must be spaced frequent enough to prevent the pipeline from any sag caused by the weight of the pipe and contents. The proper spacing of supports also allow for control or restraint of thermal expansion. 

Cement grout—filled pipeline support units are also used to raise the level and support of a pipeline that traverses the top of another pipeline. Here, the geotextile forms are fabricated specifically for the grade-separated requirements of the traversing pipelines. 

The role that a host facility plays in an incremental development project can vary tremendously. At one extreme all production and processing support may be provided by the host (such as gas lift and water treatment). On the other hand, the host may just become a means of accessing an export pipeline (if a production and processing facility is installed on the new field). 

To support them, therefore, immense activities are prompted both in pubh c private sectors with increasing importance on NDT. The particular application of radiography using Ir-192 isotopes for industrial production, construction maintenance of industries, power plants, oil and gas pipelines plants, railway, aviation systems, naval structures and vessels, etc is currently in the fore front for its reliabih ly, ease of application record keeping advantages. 

LORUS is also used for inspection of piping that has been on supports or sleepers for some time, to see whether corrosion has developed at the contact points. But the technique can also be used for corrosion detection under insulation, inspection of pipelines at dike and road crossings, nozzle reinforcement pads or craek detection in suspension systems for railway cars. 

If 10% of the U.S. gasoline consumption were replaced by methanol for a twenty year period, the required reserves of natural gas to support that methanol consumption would amount to about one trillion m (36 TCF) or twice the 1990 annual consumption. Thus the United States could easily support a substantial methanol program from domestic reserves. However, the value of domestic natural gas is quite high. Almost all of the gas has access through the extensive pipeline distribution system to industrial, commercial, and domestic markets and the value of gas in these markets makes methanol produced from domestic natural gas uncompetitive with gasoline and diesel fuel, unless oil prices are very high. 

Corrosion between the support device and the pipeline must be avoided. Drainage is provided by the pipeline slope, normally 0.48—0.96 cm /m of length, and gaskets must be nonabsorbent and of a type that does not affect the food product. 

The Mid-America Pipeline System (MAPCO) (77) for ammonia transportation contains 1763 kkometers of 101 mm, 152 mm, and 203 mm pipe having a pumping capacity of 3885 metric tons per day and supporting terminal storage fackities. Peak dehvery from the system is 4,216 metric tons per day. 

The Gulf Central Pipeline system (78) contains 3220 km of 152 mm, 203 mm, and 254 mm pipe and has a pumping capacity of 2545 metric tons per day and supporting terminal storage fackities. The Tampa Bay Pipeline network services several ammonia plants along a 133 km route. 

Modem pipelines with plastic coating usually have only a few defects, which can be clearly recognized from differences in the pipe/soil potential (see Fig. 3-30) [47,52], In support it can be assumed approximately in Fig. 3-24 that ... 

For pipelines, so-called bracelets are used (see Section 16.6). They consist of groups of plate anodes of more or less large breadth, partly curved, which are secured near to one another on an iron band support like links of a bracelet and laid around pipelines. With the same objective, half-shells are used which are fixed in pairs under stress around the pipe and then welded. 

The integrity of pipelines depends upon conect design, including materials selection, support and protection from mechanical damage. Depending upon tlie gas, routine inspection and maintenance may be supplemented by the provision of gas detection and alarm systems. Other considerations are exemplified by the safety-related controls on the transportation of domestic gas via pipeline systems summarized in Table 15.17. 

The brittle nature of glasses at normal temperatures makes them inappropriate for use in locations where severe impacts are likely to be encountered. In the design of pipelines or other equipment it is possible to use normal engineering assembly techniques provided that suitable gaskets or cushioning are provided at joints and supports and that care is taken in tightening bolts to avoid unequal or localised stresses. 

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