Million instructions per second

UPS is also a large technology company and a telecommunications company. It operates the largest DB2 database in the world with 412 terabytes of dynamic memory. Its mainframe capacity allows for the transmission of more than 22 million instructions per second. UPS employs over 4,700 employees in its technology unit, and it also operates the world s largest phone system. UPS s mobile radio network transmits more than 3 million packets of tracking data each day. Its communication scale is further illustrated by the fact that it has over 145 million hits per business day on its website with peak days of 252 million hits. It processes 10 million tracking requests a day. 

FIGURE 20.5 Exponential increase in the performance of Intel Corp. microprocessors as measured in MIPS (million instructions per second) (from Ref. 3). 

This 16-bit microprocessor from Intel was first released in June 1978, and it is available in speeds of 4.77MHz, 8MHz, and lOMHz. The 8086 was used in a variety of early IBM-compatible computers as well as the IBM PS/2 Model 25 and Model 30. The 8086 uses a 16-bit data word and a 16-bit data bus. The 8086 contains the equivalent of 29,000 transistors and can execute 0.33 million instructions per second. 

A typical desktop computer can handle 100 million instructions per second. As of June, 2010, the fastest supercomputer was the Cray Jaguar at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Its top speed is 1.75 petaflops (1 quadrillion floating point operations) per second. 

In 1993, Intel introduced the Pentium processor as a Cray (supercomputer) on a chip. It contained 3.1 million transistors and was capable of performing 112 million instructions per second. The Pentium was the first of a number of low-cost but powerful processors that changed information technology. 

MIPS, mips million instructions per second MIS management information system... 

There is another strong driving force for mathematical modeling, which is the increased computation power. About every year the computation speed, expressed in Million Instructions per Second (MIPS) is doubled. This means that in the last 10 years the power of... 

Doped semiconductors are essential components in the modern solid-state electronic devices found in radios, television sets, pocket calculators, and computers. Devices such as transistors, which control electrical signals in these products, are made from M-type and p-type semiconductors. In modern integrated circuits, an amazing number of extremely small devices can be packed into a small space, thus decreasing the size and increasing the speed of electrical equipment. For example, computer microprocessors now contain up to 42 million transistors on a silicon chip with a surface area of about 2 cm2 and are able to execute as many as 1.5 billion instructions per second. 

The arithmetic logic unit, or Al,l,i, of a CPU is made up of a series of registers, or accumulators, in which the intermediate results of binary arithmetic and logic operations are accumulated. The Intel Pentium 4 processor coniains nearly 50 million transistors and is capable of operating al clock speeds greater than 5.5 GHz. The Intel tianium processor contains 22 million transistors (the Itanium 2 processor has410 million transistors I. The fastest computers can execute nearly 1 billion instructions per second. 

Software performance testing is used to determine the speed or effectiveness of a computer, network, software program, or device. This process can involve quantitative tests done in a lab, such as measuring the response time or the number of millions of instructions per second (MIPS) at which a system functions. Qualitative attributes such as reliability, scalability, and interoperability may also be evaluated. Performance testing is often done in conjunction with stress testing. 

A state-of-the-art electronic computer can easily do 100 million (10 ) instructions per second. Since molecular computers work with chemical reactions, they can perform only a fractional computational step per second. However, this drawback is completely outweighed by the massive parallelism of biological computers. It is the product of the number of parallel operations and the time for one computational step that determines the duration of a computation. Since the number of parallel operations is proportional to the number of molecules in a test tube, which is of the order of 10 , molecular computers are superior in speed to electronic computers by several orders of magnitude (10 vs. 10 ) [6]. 

Finally, most doubly or triply subscripted array operations can execute as a single vector instruction on the ASC. To demonstrate the hardware capabilities of the ASC,the vector dot product matrix multiplication instruction, which utilizes one of the most powerful pieces of hardware on the ASC, is compared to similar code on an IBM 360/91 and the CDC 7600 and Cyber 174. Table IV lists the Fortran pattern, which is recognized by the ASC compiler and collapsed into a single vector dot product instruction, the basic instructions required and the hardware speeds obtained when executing the same matrix operations on all four machines. Since many vector instructions in a CP pipe produce one result every clock cycle (80 nanoseconds), ordinary vector multiplications and additions (together) execute at the rate of 24 million floating point operations per second (MFLOPS). For the vector dot product instruction however, each output value produced represents a multiplication and an addition. Thus, vector dot product on the ASC attains a speed of 48 million floating point operations per second. 

C. Clock speed is the frequency with which a processor executes instructions. This frequency is measured in millions of cycles per second, or megahertz (MHz). 

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