Microscopy method

The microscopy method is a method in which the interfacial condition between the fillers and polymer matrix can be directly observed. The most commonly used is scanning electron microscopy (SEM). By SEM observation of the morphological structure of impact or tensile cross-sections of polymer matrix composites, the filler dispersion in the overall situation and overall interfacial adhesion of the fillers and polymer can 

In recent years, microscope technology has undergone new developments, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and so forth. 

Microscopic examination is one of the oldest, most direct, and simplest means for determining the size and size distribution of fine particles. Microscopic examination is tedious but gives reliable and reproducible results if careful measurements are made. As indicated in Table 2.6, microscopy is applicable to particles sizes ranging from about 0.5 to 500 pm if an optical system is used. 

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Biumioh B and Kuhn W (eds) 1992 Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Methods and Applications in Materials Science, Agriouiture and Biomedioine (Weinheim Wiiey-VCFI)... 

Durig U, Zuger O and Staider A 1992 interaction force detection in scanning probe microscopy methods and appiications J. Appl. Phys. 72 1778... 

Optical properties of fibers are measured by light microscopy methods. ASTM D276 describes the procedure for fiber identification using refractive indexes and birefringence. Other methods for determining fiber optical properties have been discussed (3,38—44). However, different methods of determining optical properties may give different results (42). 

The surface viscosity varies significantly along the isotherm and across monolayer phase boundaries. Addition of subphase metal ions increases the surface viscosity drastically, as was recently reinvestigated [36]. Recently, microscopy methods have been used to image velocity profiles of different monolayer phases flowing through a narrow channel, such as used in the canal viscometer [37], The two main methods used to study monolayer viscosity are the canal viscometer and the oscillating disc method [8,9]. 

Microscopy methods based on nonlinear optical phenomena that provide chemical information are a recent development. Infrared snm-frequency microscopy has been demonstrated for LB films of arachidic acid, allowing for surface-specific imaging of the lateral distribution of a selected vibrational mode, the asymmetric methyl stretch [60]. The method is sensitive to the snrface distribntion of the functional gronp as well as to lateral variations in the gronp environmental and conformation. Second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy has also been demonstrated for both spread monolayers and LB films of dye molecules [61,62]. The method images the molecular density and orientation field with optical resolution, and local qnantitative information can be extracted. 

B. Bliimich, W. Kuhn (eds.) 1992, Magnetic Resonance Microscopy, Methods and Application in Materials Science, Agriculture and Biomedicine, Weinheim, VCH. 

Wolf, D. E. (2007). Fundamentals of fluorescence and fluorescence microscopy. Methods Cell Biol. 63-91. 

Kenworthy, A. K. (2001). Imaging protein-protein interactions using fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy. Methods 24, 289-96. 

A. Poghossian, M.H. Abouzar, F. Amberger, D. Mayer, Y. Han, S. Ingebrandt, A. Offenhauser, and M.J. Schoning, Field-effect sensors with charged macromolecules characterisation by capacitance—voltage, constant capacitance, impedance spectroscopy and atomic-force microscopy methods. Biosens. Bioelectron. 22, 2100-2107 (2007). 

Fig. 9. A fluorescent Re(I) complex (a) and its uptake in tumor cells imaged by fluorescence microscopy methods, (b). Images adapted from Ref. (33).

Stroscio JA, Feenstra RM (1993) In Stroscio JA, Kaiser WJ (eds) Scanning tunneling microscopy. Methods of experimental physics, vol 27. Academic, New York... 

Finally, though Humana Press has published Electron Microscopy Methods and Protocols by M. A. Nasser Hajibagheri in 1999, Plant Electron Microscopy and Cytochemistry is dedicated to plant studies, and should be quite useful to professors, certain graduate and undergraduate students, and postdoctorals, as well as government and industrial scientists. 

Paddock SW. Confocal Microscopy Methods and Protocols, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, 1998. 

Roos N, Morgan JR. Cryopreparation of Thin Biological Specimens for Electron Microscopy Methods and Applications, Oxford University Press, New York, 1990. 

The electronic microscopy method on the EM-125 (fig. 1) for definition of ZnCFO particles size and characteristic of its surface was applied. Known zinc oxide was chosen as the object of comparison. The electronic photos of powders testify, that new composite and zinc oxide have external similarity under the form of particles, wide range on dispersiveness (0,4-6,0 microns for zinc oxide, fig. la 0,3-6,0 microns for ZnCFO, fig. lb) also contain as crystal as amorphous phases in their structure. 

Piston DW, Rizzo MA (2008) FRET by fluorescence polarization microscopy. Methods Cell Biol 85 415-30... 

Kumar V. 1994. Immunofluorescence and enzyme immuno-microscopy methods. Immunochemistry. van Oss CJ, van Regenmortel MHV, editors. New York Marcel Dekker Inc. 

Bustamante, C., Zuccheri, G., Leuba, S.H., Yang, G., and Samori, B. (1997) Visualization and analysis of chromatin by scaiming force microscopy. Methods 12, 73-83. 

DNLM 1. Microscopy—methods. 2. Spectrum Analysis. 3. Optics. QD272.S6 B6155 2008]... 

An application of STM and AFM of particular interest is the in situ study of electrochemistry. Because the solid surface of interest is immersed in an electrolyte, no other microscopy method can access the liquid-solid interface except optical microscopy (which has a resolution of about 0.5 xm). The dif-... 

Baratoff, A. (1984). Theory of scanning tunneling microscopy - Methods and approximations. Physica (Amsterdam) 127B, 143-150. 

A new optical microscopy method which enables interference contrast imaging of biological cells has been developed. The method is based on a well known physical phenomenon, white light interference on a thin transparent film. 

SEM) Microscopies. Methods to prepare specimens for microscopic studies developed by Mollenhauer and Totten (33) and modified by Cegla et al. (30) were followed. TLM examinations were conducted on a Zeiss Standard 19 Research microscope. TEM examinations were conducted on a Hitachi HS-8 at Kv on 600-800A sections prepared according to Galey and Nilsson (34). SEM examinations were conducted on JOEL JSM-35 at 25 kv. 

The advantage of this method is that samples can be studied without dilution, and it is quicker than electron microscopy methods. It is believed that the method will provide valuable information on foams in the future. Using this method also makes it possible to measure the rate of foam drainage and collapse, as well as the gas fraction in the foam. 

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy is an emerging technology. By tuning a pump laser and a Stokes laser to a Raman-active molecular vibration, molecular selectivity and faster measurement speed can be obtained. This approach has been used to track the phase segregation, crystallisation and dissolution of paclitaxel from biocompatible excipients and films providing kinetic data not achievable through standard Raman microscopy methods [56]. 

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