Scanning tunneling microscopy and related methods

The tunneling current depends exponentially on the distance d between nearest tip atom and surface atom 

The invention of STM stimulated the development of several other devices to image surfaces with atomic scale resolution. In electrochemistry, atomic force microscopy is the 

A different development but with similar importance for electrochemistry was the development of the electrochemical scanning microscope. In this case an ultra-microelectrode 

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Behm, R.J., Garcia, R. and Rohrer, H, (1990) Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy and Related Methods, NATO ASI Series, Series E Applied Sciences, Vol. 184, Kluwer Academic Publishers,... 

C. Joachim and P. Sautet, in Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Related Methods (R. J. Behm, N. Garcia, and H. Rohrer, eds.), NATO ASI Series, Norwell, MA, 1990. 

Behm, R. J. (1990). Scanning tunneling microscopy Metal surfaces, adsorption and surface reactions. In Behm, R. J., Garcia, N., and Rohter, H., Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Related Methods, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 173-210. 

Forbes, R.G. (1989). Scanning tunneling microscopy and related methods. NATO ASI E Series, No. 184, Kluwer, p. 163. 

TersofF, J. and Hamann, D.R. (1983). Theory and application for scanning tunneling microscope. Phys. Rev. Lett., 50 Tenoff J. (1989). Scanning tunneling microscopy and related methods. NATO ASI E Series, No. 184, Kluwer, p. 77. 

Quate F 1989 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Related Methods (NATO ASl Series E Applied Sciences 184) ed R J Behm, N Garcia and H Rorher Flamm etal 1989 Plasma Etching an Introduction ed D M Manos and D L Flamm (New York Academic)... 

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Related Methods (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990). 

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