Methacrylate-based products

Dilute aqueous polymeric emulsions are commonly stabilized through the use of polymeric surfactants. If the stabilizer is uncharged, the emulsion is stabilized entropieally by segmental exclusion. In most instances, however, stabilization is a by product of coulombic repulsions generated by a polyelectrolyte surfactant. In a few instances the polymer itself is able to act as surfactant. For example, Eudragit RL, a commercially available partially quaternized cationic methacrylate based polymer, is able to form indefinitely stable emulsions in distilled water or buffered saline (141). These emulsions are prepared by adding polymer to boiling solution and are presumably stabilized by concentration of cationic functionality at the particle surface. 

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria cause life-threatening infections in hospitals and society in general. There is a vital requirement to develop new antimicrobial agents, but this task involves extensive scientific trials. This chapter reviewed broad-spectrum polymeric antimicrobials, which are not susceptible to current resistance, and mechanisms of bacteria to mimic the antimicrobial action of natural HDP, which exert their effect by permeabilising the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. Most cationic antimicrobial polymers appear to work in a manner similar to membrane-active AMP, such as magainin. The design and synthesis of different polymers, such as methacrylate-based copolymers, PPE, polynorbornene by-products, amphiphilc arylamide polymers and large polymers, have been studied as biomimetic polymers in different applications. 

Predesigned particles of impact modifiers are based on core-shell technology. Core is involved in impact modification and shell improves adhesion between PVC and impact modifier particles.Three major combinations are used methacrylate-butadiene-styrene, MBS, which has a core made out of butadiene-styrene copolymers and shell made out of methylmethacrylate-styrene copolymer, acrylic impact modifiers, AIM, which have a core made out of acrylic and shell from polymethylmethacrylate, and silicone-acrylic have multilayer structures with silicone-acrylic in the core. MBS has excellent compatibility with PVC, similar to ABS, which is used as an impact modifier of PVC, as well. In both cases of ABS and MBS, weather resistance is lacking, therefore they are used for indoor applications only. At the same time, MBS gives translucent to crystal clear products, whereas with AIM, only translucent products are possible. In order to improve optical properties of AIM, it has to be reformulated. For transparent products, the core is made out of acrylic-styrene copolymers. Comparing silicone and all acrylic impact modifiers, PVC containing silicone-based products has superior low temperature impact properties. The incorporation of silicone into an acrylic impact modifier provides excellent weatherability, and thermal stability. It has shown improved retention of impact after outdoor weathering in PVC. ... 

Methacrylate-based polymer Ultrahydrogel Aqueous 0.05 M NaOH Lignin reaction products [11]... 

Poly(meth)acrylates is an important group of industrial products, which have found various applications in many fields such as construction materials, coatings, and adhesives. [1] For example, in the United States nearly one million tons of polymeric products based on acrylic and methacrylic esters are produced each year and the acrylates and methacrylates account for about evenly half. [2] A substantial fraction of the methacrylate products are copolymers, which contain various combinations of methacrylate and/or acrylate monomers. The trade names for acrylate and methacrylate polymeric products include Acrylite, Dicalite, Lucite, Plexiglas, and Rhoplex. 

Figure 1.4 Enhancement in bit rate-distance product of POFs. PMMA (poiyfmethyi methacrylate))-based SI POF, PMMA-based GI POF by preform method, A perfluorinated GI POF by preform method, and perfluorinated GI POF by coextrusion process.

Degalan V 26 (Degussa, A.G., B.R.D.). This is a 90/10 (methyl methacrylate)-(butyl acrylate) copolymer. It mixes well with PVC and it does not affect its transparency, water absorption, and electrical properties. It is suitable to modify the rheological properties of impact-PVC. It shortens the plastication time of PVC mixtures and it improves their homogenization and the extrusion output. The addition of Degalan V 26 also improves the heat stability of PVC mixtures and increases the resistance of PVC-based products to heat distortion. 

The use of methacrylate-based adhesives has been a great success in orthopedics, for the purpose of anchoring hip socket implants to the bone. There are currently no other types of adhesive used for this application. The adhesive products are comprised of (a) a powder component (a mixture of polymethyl methacrylate and a polymerization initiator) and (b) a liquid component [whose main components are methyl methacrylate (MMA) and a polymerization... 

Rohm GmbH [II] have disclosed the synthesis of methacrylate-based VI improvers. The majority of the products are reported to be multifunctional in nature. Peimewiss et al. at Rohm GmbH [11] reported the copolymerization of C12-18 alkyl methacrylates in the presence of ethylene-propylene copolymer, using CvHu-CCOj-OOBu-terr. as an initiator. After treatment with V-vinyl-pyrrolidone and V-vinyl-imidazone, the resulting product was reported to be a good dispersant and VI improver. 

R5hm GmbH [14] also reported the synthesis of an additive from 1 mole of 1-decene, 0.5 mole of isodecyl methacrylate, and 2 moles of C12 15 alkyl (90% isoalkyl methacrylates. The product was reported to have better flow improvement properties than a poly(a-olefm) additive in trimethylolpro-pane-adipic acid ester base oil when both types of additives were used at the same concentration (20 wt%). 

The monomers used are second generation petrochemical products. The polymethacrylates are in fact copolymers based on methyl methacrylate and up to C20 molecular weight alcohol methacrylate. The properties of the additive are controlled based on the molecular ratio of these different monomers and their molecular weight. 

Ionomer resins consisting of ethylene—methacrylic acid copolymers partially neutralized with sodium or zinc were commercially introduced in 1964 by Du Pont under the Sudyn trademark (1). More recently, a similar line of products, sold as Hi-Mdan resins, has been commercialized by Mitsui—Du Pont in Japan. lolon ionomeric resins, based on ethylene—acrylic acid, are produced by Exxon in Belgium. Ionomers containing about 1 mol % of carboxylate groups are offered by BP in Europe as Novex resins. Low molecular weight, waxy Aclyn ionomers are produced and sold by AHiedSignal. 

Transesterification of methyl methacrylate with the appropriate alcohol is often the preferred method of preparing higher alkyl and functional methacrylates. The reaction is driven to completion by the use of excess methyl methacrylate and by removal of the methyl methacrylate—methanol a2eotrope. A variety of catalysts have been used, including acids and bases and transition-metal compounds such as dialkjitin oxides (57), titanium(IV) alkoxides (58), and zirconium acetoacetate (59). The use of the transition-metal catalysts allows reaction under nearly neutral conditions and is therefore more tolerant of sensitive functionality in the ester alcohol moiety. In addition, transition-metal catalysts often exhibit higher selectivities than acidic catalysts, particularly with respect to by-product ether formation. 

The oxidation of methacrolein to methacrylic acid is most often performed over a phosphomolybdic acid-based catalyst, usually with copper, vanadium, and a heavy alkaU metal added. Arsenic and antimony are other common dopants. Conversions of methacrolein range from 85—95%, with selectivities to methacrylic acid of 85—95%. Although numerous catalyst improvements have been reported since the 1980s (120—123), the highest claimed yield of methacryhc acid (86%) is still that described in a 1981 patent to Air Products (124). 

The cross-linking reaction mechanism is also influenced by the presence of other monomers. Methyl methacrylate is often used to improve the uv resistance of styrene-based resins. However, the disparate reaction rates of styrene and methacrylate monomer with the fumarate unsaturation not only preclude the use of more than 8% of the methacrylate monomer due to the significant slowing of the cross-linking reaction but also result in undercured products. 

Reactive (unsaturated) epoxy resins (qv) are reaction products of multiple glycidyl ethers of phenoHc base polymer substrates with methacrylic, acryhc, or fumaric acids. Reactive (unsaturated) polyester resins are reaction products of glycols and diacids (aromatic, aUphatic, unsaturated) esterified with acryhc or methacrylic acids (see POLYESTERS,unsaturated). Reactive polyether resins are typically poly(ethylene glycol (600) dimethacrylate) or poly(ethylene glycol (400) diacrylate) (see PoLYETPiERs). 

The price of butanes and butylenes fluctuates seasonally depending on the demand for gasoline ia the United States. Siace much chemical-product usage is determiaed by price—performance basis, a shift to development of butylene-based technology may occur. Among the butylenes, demand for isobutylene is likely to iacrease (and so its price) as more derivatives such as methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid are produced from isobutylene iastead of the coaveatioaal acetoae cyanohydria process. 

A waterborne system for container coatings was developed based on a graft copolymerization of an advanced epoxy resin and an acryHc (52). The acryhc-vinyl monomers are grafted onto preformed epoxy resins in the presence of a free-radical initiator grafting occurs mainly at the methylene group of the aHphatic backbone on the epoxy resin. The polymeric product is a mixture of methacrylic acid—styrene copolymer, soHd epoxy resin, and graft copolymer of the unsaturated monomers onto the epoxy resin backbone. It is dispersible in water upon neutralization with an amine before cure with an amino—formaldehyde resin. 

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