Translucent products

In halogen-containing rubbers, zinc hydroxystannate can be substituted as a non toxic replacement for antimony trioxide to reduce smoke and toxic gas emission. Zinc hydroxystannate does not pigment the rubber and can be used to produce clear or translucent products. 

Wilson et al. [25] analyzed various brands of commercial cements and specified their possible composition, properties, and microstructure. Wilson et al. report the most representative and comprehensive data on commercial porcelain dental cements. These cements consist of powdered alumina-lime-silica glass mixed with phosphoric acid that formed a hard and translucent product. The starter glass powder consists of 31.5-41.6 wt% silica, 27.2-29.1 wt% alumina, 7.7-9.0wt% calcium oxide, 7.7-11.2 wt% sodium oxide, 13.3-22 wt% fluorine and small amounts of phosphorous and zinc oxides. Often very small amounts of magnesium and strontium oxides are also present. 

Translucent products are semi-crystalline, e.g. PE. Some thin (<1 mm) or highly oriented products appear transparent, in spite of being semicrystalline (e.g. PET bottles), since the crystals are too small to scatter light. Some thicker PP products appear translucent, but thin mouldings, especially if the PP is nucleated, will appear nearly transparent. 

Some emulsion PVC grades (e g., Vestolit P 1382 K) are modified with acrylate (20%) which makes them suitable for use as an additive to suspension, mass, and emulsion PVC to increase impact resistance of pigmented and translucent products. 10% addition does not affect Vicat softening temperature of film but increases its tensile impact strength and improves the deep drawing behavior of films. 

Predesigned particles of impact modifiers are based on core-shell technology. Core is involved in impact modification and shell improves adhesion between PVC and impact modifier particles.Three major combinations are used methacrylate-butadiene-styrene, MBS, which has a core made out of butadiene-styrene copolymers and shell made out of methylmethacrylate-styrene copolymer, acrylic impact modifiers, AIM, which have a core made out of acrylic and shell from polymethylmethacrylate, and silicone-acrylic have multilayer structures with silicone-acrylic in the core. MBS has excellent compatibility with PVC, similar to ABS, which is used as an impact modifier of PVC, as well. In both cases of ABS and MBS, weather resistance is lacking, therefore they are used for indoor applications only. At the same time, MBS gives translucent to crystal clear products, whereas with AIM, only translucent products are possible. In order to improve optical properties of AIM, it has to be reformulated. For transparent products, the core is made out of acrylic-styrene copolymers. Comparing silicone and all acrylic impact modifiers, PVC containing silicone-based products has superior low temperature impact properties. The incorporation of silicone into an acrylic impact modifier provides excellent weatherability, and thermal stability. It has shown improved retention of impact after outdoor weathering in PVC. ... 

Besides mechanical properties, fillers change the optical and electrical properties, chemical and weathering resistance, flammability and density of polymers. In particular, most fillers destroy optical translucency, unless their refractive index (see Table 4.4) is the same as that of the polymer. Close agreement between the fibre and the polymer refractive index is required for translucency. Feldspar has a refractive index very similar to that of several polymers and so filled, translucent products can be obtained, but it is abrasive to processing equipment. 

An unaccelerated, low viscosity orthophthalic for the manufacture of translucent products, c. 250mPa.s... 

First, it should be said that polymers are a very diverse and complex group of materials. They can manifest themselves in many shapes and forms—they can be viscous colourless liquids, powders, coloured granules, cast or extruded sheet, transparent or translucent products. The type of characterisation asked of the chromatographic technique thus can be equally complex and varied, from the straightforward determination of the molecular size of the polymer to the breakdown, identification and quantification of a fully formulated material. 

Bakelite gained new rivals with the development of aliphatic synthetic resins, particularly synthetic vinyl and urea resins, the latter of which could offer a less brittle and more translucent product. The output of synthetic resins grew about twenty times over the course of the decade, from 1.6 million pounds in 1921 to 5.9 million pounds in 1922 to 33 million pounds in 1929. 

Urethanes Urethane adhesion promoters are used widely to bond PVC to polyester, nylon, and other fabrics, including sized glass fiber. In multicoat operations, the additive is used only in the first coat. With, polyester fabric, the isocyanate component in urethane formation can be used alone. Solvent or plasticizer solutions of oligomerized toluene diisocyanate (TDl) are available under the trade names Vulcabond (Akzo Nobel), Vanchem HM-50 (Vanderbilt), Thanecure T9 (TSE Industries), and Desmodur (Bayer). For improved resistance of the bond to heat and moisture, products based on bisphenyl diisocyanate (MDl) are also used. These include Vanchem HM-4346 and Rubinate 9480 (Huntsman). These are typically used at 3-7 phr levels in plastisols for coating polyester fabric. The second or subsequent coats should contain titanium dioxide and UV light stabilizer for outdoor service. With translucent products, an aliphatic isocyanate such as Desmodur N-lOO or TMl META (Cytec) should be used. 

Synthetic Marble. Synthetic marble-like resin products are prepared by casting or molding a highly filled monomer mixture or monomer—polymer symp. When only one smooth surface is required, a continuous casting process using only one endless stainless steel belt can be used (52,53). Typically on the order of 60 wt % inorganic filler is used. The inorganic fillers, such as aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, etc, are selected on the basis of cost, and such properties as the translucence, chemical and water resistance, and ease of subsequent fabrication (54,55). 

It would be incomplete for any discussion of soap crystal phase properties to ignore the colloidal aspects of soap and its impact. At room temperature, the soap—water phase diagram suggests that the soap crystals should be surrounded by an isotropic Hquid phase. The colloidal properties are defined by the size, geometry, and interconnectiviness of the soap crystals. Correlations between the coUoid stmcture of the soap bar and the performance of the product are somewhat quaUtative, as there is tittle hard data presented in the literature. However, it might be anticipated that smaller crystals would lead to a softer product. Furthermore, these smaller crystals might also be expected to dissolve more readily, leading to more lather. Translucent and transparent products rely on the formation of extremely small crystals to impart optical clarity. 

The physical properties of the reinforced polyester product made from chopped glass are Hsted in Table 1. The chemical resistance varies according to the composition but is generally good. Its principal uses in building products are for sanitary ware, eg, tub-shower units, and for panels, especially translucent or cement-filled types for roofing and walls of commercial or industrial buildings. 

Gels. Amorphous hydrated silicas of a purity and stmcture typical of those used ia type 1 dentifrices and the liquid portion (humectant system) of type 1 dentifrices both have approximately the same refractive iadex, ie, about 1.47. As a result, the type 1 dentifrices represented ia Table 1 are inherently transparent or translucent. In the marketplace it has become popular to refer to such dentifrices as gels. For marketing reasons some companies have chosen to opacify these products, with titanium dioxide, for example. The opacified products are identical ia functionality, stmcture, and all other ways, except opacity, to their translucent or transparent counterparts. 

Architectural Glass. The other important commercial glass-platiag appHcation is for production of architectural reflective glasses. Translucent metal films are used for decoration and for reduction of environmental heat gain. Electroless plating is used by one producer for this type of product (48). 

Hollomon s ethos, combined with his ferocious energy and determination, and his sustained determination to recruit only the best researchers to join his group, over the next 15 years led to a sequence of remarkable innovations related to materials, including man-made diamond, high-quality thermal insulation, a vacuum circuit-breaker, products based on etched particle tracks in irradiated solids, polycarbonate plastic and, particularly, the Lucalox alumina envelope for a metal-vapour lamp. (Of course many managers besides Hollomon were involved.) A brilliant, detailed account of these innovations and the arrangements that made them possible was later written by Guy Suits and his successor as director, Arthur Bueche (Suits and Bueche 1967). Some of these specific episodes will feature later in this book, but it helps to reinforce the points made here about Hollomon s coneeption of broad research on materials if I point out that the invention of translucent alumina tubes for lamps was... 

Colorability is another reason IDs select plastics for many products. Molding color into a product eliminates finishing and painting operations, thus reducing costs. Beyond cost, integral color also masks the nicks, chips and scratches that impair appearance during the life of the product. Color effects are almost limitless. Transparent, translucent, pearlescent, fluorescent, or marbleized colors are readily available for use in plastics. 

They range from structural foam molded products (which come from the mold as completed molded products) incorporating low density cores and high density skins of the same materials to products vacuum formed of a plastics material, the core of which becomes cellular during the heating process (Chapter 8). RP translucent structural panels for curtain wall building construction using... 

When sodium lauryl ether sulfate (FAES) is produced at high concentration, the concentrated paste may contain a small quantity of air. A continuous FAES paste deaeration unit can be installed to remove the air under reduced pressure in a special facility located downstream from the neutralization so as to ensure the production of a completely translucent paste. 

Nevertheless, a mutual understanding about colors does work because conunon rules have been implemented by education, habituation, socially approved behavior, and properties that appear to individuals simultaneously, e.g., the vertical signal order of traffic lights. However, those rules are of limited value when color perception is the base for aesthetic appreciation as is the case for many industrial products and food products. In order to meet the demands of as many consumers as possible, producers look for a standard consumer who is most representative of the group. This requires establishment of a reliable measurement procedure that can be reproduced easily and be adapted to the various conditions under which it is applied light conditions, more or less opaque or translucent objects, object surface structures, etc. These measurement procedures were created more than a century ago and have... 

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