Indoor application

Today s standard motor enclosure for indoor applications is the open, drip-proof enclosure for induction and high-speed synchronous motors. For large motors, open, drip-proof construction is available up to about 20,000 hp and is used for squirrel-cage, synchronous, and wound-rotor motors. 

At one time urea-formaldehyde was used extensively in the manufacture of plywood but the product is today less important than heretofore. For this purpose a resin (typically U-F molar ratio 1 1.8)-hardener mixture is coated on to wood veneers which are plied together and pressed at 95-110°C under pressure at 200-800 Ibf/in (1.38-5.52 MPa). U-F resin-bonded plywood is suitable for indoor application but is generally unsuitable for outdoor work where phenol-formaldehyde, resorcinol-fonnaldehyde or melamine modified resins are more suitable. 

Lander, F. and Hinke, K. (1992) Indoor application of anti-cholinesterase agents and the influence of personal protection on uptake, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 22 163-166. 

The greatest use of latex paints for indoor applications is based upon vinyl acetate, which constitutes 85% of the total polymer usage, the remainder being acrylates (e.g., n-butyl acrylate). For outdoors or bathroom usage, acrylates are the major components. For various applications, e.g., wood paints, styrene copolymerised with acrylates are used. Flowever, yellowing of the styrene units occurs. 

D4459-99 Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposure of Plastics Intended for Indoor Applications, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 08.02 Plastics(II), ASTM International, West Conshohoken, 2006. 

For most indoor applications humidity and moisture can be ignored, although it is possible that in some cases an abnormally high level in service can be predicted. Out of doors it is quite impossible to suggest any typical level and if moisture is expected to be a problem the worst case should be considered. The worst case may well be intermittent precipitation and drying. 

When a polymer film is used as a substrate, aqueous Ti02 paste without organic surfactants is sintered at relatively low temperatures, with approximately 150°C being sufficient to produce mechanically stable 2 films. Sommeling et al. at ECN used an ITO-coated polyethylene terephthalate) (PET) film as a substrate and prepared a plastic DSSC [164-167]. A cell performance with a 7 of 15 pA/cm2, Voc of 0.48 V, and ff of 0.67 was obtained at an illumination intensity of 250 lux. This performance is sufficient for a power supply for indoor applications such as watches and calculators. Under AM 1.5 irradiation, a Vtx of 0.7 V and /sc of 2 mA/cm2 were obtained. 

Examples of fluoroplastics include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), ethylene—chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE), ethylene—tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), etc (see Fluorine compounds, organic). These polymers have outstanding electrical properties, such as low power loss and dielectric constant, coupled with very good flame resistance and low smoke emission during fire. Therefore, in spite of their relatively high price, they are used extensively in telecommunication wires, especially for production of plenum cables. Plenum areas provide a convenient, economical way to run electrical wires and cables and to interconnect them throughout nonresidential buildings (14). Development of special flame-retardant low smoke compounds, some based on PVC, have provided lower cost competition to the fluoroplastics for indoors application such as plenum cable, Riser Cables, etc. 

It is important to realize that a thermosetting polymer reacted to high (but not full) conversion contains a small fraction of free monomers if the monomers are volatile, their emissions may produce forbidden contamination levels, particularly for indoor applications. The decline in the use of urea-formaldehyde resins in agglomerated wood panels resulted from contamination problems associated with formaldehyde emission. 

Girman, J.R., Hodgson, A.T., Newton, A.S. and Winkes, A.W. (1984) Volatile organic compounds from adhesives with indoor applications. Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Stockholm, Sweden, Vol. 4, pp. 271-6. 

Norback, D., Weislander, G. and Edling, C. (1995) Occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other air pollutants from the indoor application of water-based paints. Annals Occupational Hygiene, 39, 783-94. 

One aspect of indoor applications which makes sealing somewhat less critical is the low temperature range under operation and storage, as well as the possibility of using electrolytes with high viscosity and high boiling point. For commercialisation of indoor dye devices, it is of the utmost importance to simplify and optimize the currently known process steps. 

These ammonium phosphates are made by reacting ammonium nitrate with phosphoric acid. The resulting compounds are very soluble in water. During formation of ceramics, ammonia is released and phosphate reacts with metal cations such as magnesium and forms the CBPC. Because of the evolution of ammonia, it is used for outdoor applications such as road repair material and hardly any indoor applications have been found for these products. 

The importance of taking the indoor concentrations of pesticides into consideration when doing risk assessments is demonstrated in the stndy by Lewis et al. (2001). The potential inhalation exposnre for diazinon following an indoor application was estimated to be up to 0.5 p.g/kg/d. For chlorpyrifos, applied to the outside perimeter of the house, the potential inhalation exposme was up to... 

There may be significant temporal and spatial variations in the concentrations of pesticides in the indoor environment, especially if monitoring is performed after an indoor application. Air concentrations typically drop rapidly for about 3 d after application as the pesticide is absorbed into furnishings or dissipates to the outdoor air. However, concentrations of the more volatile pesticides may... 

Decomposition Catalytic oxidation with air at room temperature Permanent with respect to usual cleaning, no saturation and regeneration but need of large surfaces, restricted to indoor applications like carpets and roller blinds... 

Several other researchers have studied the effect of yellowing in aromatic isocyanate-based polyurethanes, and the effect of yellowing in aromatic isocyanate-based polyurethanes has also been studied. In general, products based on aromatic isocyanates are suitable only for indoor applications. 

Epoxy coatings for the construction industry are high build, solventless compositions with 100% solids. They are available in a large range of colours and shades. The performance is excellent for indoor applications. 

The average shore A hardness of the cured sealant is 20 to 25 but increases with ageing. Resistance to ultraviolet radiation is excellent, but this is not important for indoor applications. The maximum movement accommodation factor (MAF) can be 15% of the total joint width. Joints should be designed so that movement due to shrinkage and thermal changes does not exceed the maximum MAF, related to the joint width. Table 5.4 lists the properties in general for acrylic emulsion sealants. These properties are summarised from the commercial literature of several acrylic emulsion sealant manufacturers and should not be considered as specifications. Table 5.5 lists the standard specifications for these sealants. 

Paints currently used for indoor application are now almost exclusively waterborne. Most of these fall into the following categories AO... 

Opposite to PCP, the indoor applications of permethrin in Germany seem to be growing, as for many applications permethrin is replacing other insecticides. An increase in the concentrations in dust with time was observed as reported in the GerES in 1990-92 and 1998 [54,59]. 

Howick CJ, McCarthy SA. 1996. Studies of possible chemical emissions from PVC articles used in indoor applications and the effect on indoor air quality. J Vinyl Addit Technol 2 134-142. 

Chlorpyrifos Indoor application Presence of autoantibodies lupus-like syndrome Thrasher et al. (1993)... 

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