Crystal clear

Weathering. Articles fabricated from FEP are unaffected by weather, and thek resistance to extreme heat, cold, and uv kradiation suits them for apphcations in radar and other electronic components. For example, after 15 years of solar exposure in Florida, the tensile strength (73) and light transmission (96%) of a 25-p.m thick film was unchanged and the film remained crystal clear. Elongation increased slightly for the first 5 to 7 years of outdoor exposure, probably as a result of stress relaxation. Beyond 10 years, a small decrease was observed. 

General-Purpose Polystyrene. Polystyrene is a high molecular weight M = 2 — 3 x 10 ), crystal-clear thermoplastic that is hard, rigid, and free of odor and taste. Its ease of heat fabrication, thermal stabiUty, low specific gravity, and low cost result in mol dings, extmsions, and films of very low unit cost. In addition, PS materials have excellent thermal and electrical properties that make them useful as low cost insulating materials (see Insulation, ELECTRIC Insulation, thermal). 

People who go in for expensive cocktails like to cool them with ice cubes which are crystal clear - it adds to the aura of bejewelled, refreshing purity. Unfortunately, ice cubes grown in an ordinary fridge are cloudy. So establishments which cater for upmarket clients install special machines to make clear ice. 

Although programmed cooling crystallization clearly results in a larger mean crystal size than that from natural cooling it is also evident that some fines i.e. small crystals are also present in the product. Since the solution was seeded these fine crystals must clearly have arisen from crystal attrition or secondary nucleation (see Chapter 5). 

Reduction of exhaust emissions is being tackled in two ways by engineers, including precombustion and postcombustion technology. One of the most effective methods now being researched and adopted includes use of synthetic fuel made from natural gas. This fuel is crystal clear, and just like water, it has no aromatics, contains no sulfur or heavy metals, and when used with a postcombustion device such as a catalytic converter any remaining NO, or other emissions can be drastically reduced. Estimates currently place the cost of this fuel at 1.50 per gallon, with availability in 2004 to meet the next round of stiff EPA exhaust emission standards. 

But even in this case the fraction of the crystal that is void space" between the spheres depends on the relative radii of the positive and negative ions and will have a different value for each of the 17 crystals. This being so, when we come to introduce the ions into a solvent, and wish to understand the increment in volume of the liquid, the volumes of the various crystals clearly do not provide a satisfactory basis of comparison. 

The effects of acid rain are particularly severe in areas where the bedrock is granite or other materials incapable of neutralizing H+ ions. As the concentration of acid builds up in a lake, aquatic life, from algae to brook trout, dies. The end product is a crystal-clear, totally sterile lake. 

There were no smooth transitions, but really huge jumps. It should all have become crystal clear when the neighbor of fluorine, neon, was discovered. Let us consider this picture here is the aggressive fluorine that ravenously rips out an electron from the shell of just about any element to make itself comfortable as the fluoride anion. But add a proton and electron (as well as a neutron, as we now know), and the new element is so inert that even today no chemical compound of neon is known. A more obvious jump cannot be imagined. It is a pity that our chemical forefathers did not consider this aspect. After all, it was they who in their research of the Periodic Table brought... 

W. J. Genck, Crystal Clear, Chem. Processing, 63-67 (October 2003). 

Rhodes, G. (2000), Crystallography Made Crystal Clear, Academic Press, New York. 

It is also crystal clear to me that Elizabeth s attitude also shapes her experience. She earned her doctorate after the onset of her illness. Now a professor of gerontology at a Midwestern university, she finds great satisfaction and joy in her work. 

The value of AS can only be negative because the symbol A means final state minus initial state , and the extent of disorder during crystallization clearly follows the order solute disorder(initiai) > solute disordering) . We see how the extent of disorder in the solute decreases during crystallization in consequence of forming a lattice and, therefore, do not expect crystallization to be a spontaneous process. 

Rhodes G. 1993. Crystallography made crystal clear. New York Academic Press. 

So what does this magical molecule do Actually, it does two things, one rather more crystalline clear than the other. The crystal clear thing that ascorbic acid does is act as coenzyme for an enzyme known as prolyl hydroxylase. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of the amino acid proline to hydroxyproline, a major, if exotic, amino acid in the structural protein collagen ... 

How does one know whether a body of water is polluted In some cases, the answer to that question is easy. Just looking at a river or stream sometimes reveals the presence of dead plants and animals, discarded tires and plastic bottles, oil films, and other obvious evidence of pollution. But detecting pollution is not always that easy. Water that looks crystal clear and pure may sometimes harbor disease-causing organisms, toxic chemicals, or other materials that make It unsafe to drink or use. One of the pioneers in developing methods for detecting water pollution is Ruth Patrick. 

Oligomers of perfluorohexyl-ethene fulfilled these expectations in all preclinical studies, in vitro tests as well in animal tests. A radical polymerisation, followed by ultra-purification steps, created a crystal clear gel-like substance. The behaviours of the mixture of dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric star-shaped species with an inner core of hydrocarbon bonds and an outer layer of perfluoro-alkyl chains could be adjusted by the ratio of the dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric species, using a thin layer distillation. In dependence on this ratio, the viscosity could be adjusted in the range between 90 mPas and 1700 mPas, the specific density between 1.60 g/ml and 1.66 g/ml and the interfacial tension against water between... 

Although it is called crystal clear polystyrene, atactic PS is amorphous and clear, as are PMMA and polycarbonate (PC). In contrast, hdpe and nylon 66 are highly crystalline and opaque. The relationship of packing efficiency to specific gravity and crystallinity is readily illustrated by ldpe and HDPE, which are 60 and 95% crystalline, respectively, and have specific gravities of 0.91 and 0.97, respectively. 

Rhodes, G. Crystallography Made Crystal Clear A Guide for Users of Macromolecular Models, 3rd ed. Academic Press New York, 2006. 

By making expectations crystal clear and creating a strong likelihood that those in violation will be punished, Congress and OSHA may have offset the fact that enforcement is so episodic and, therefore, may have secured compliance similar to that that would have been achieved if annual inspections were feasible. However, doing this implies that the particular firms that happen to be inspected may find themselves subject to far more rigorous enforcement of the rules than reasonable protection of worker health and safety requires. 

The upshot is that in dreams we can be twice fooled fooled once into believing as the dream unfolds that we are awake and fooled twice into believing that we have really waked up. The function of this double illusion is clear—it allows us to continue to sleep and to fulfill our social obligation. Eor once our dream s motive is crystal clear and, for once, the function of the dream is to protect sleep. The irony is that, in this case,... 

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