Relation to War Effort

Among the wartime fermentation developments was a renewal of interest in 2,3-butylene glycol fermentation. This substance can be used as a 

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The reason for this meagre outcome, in relation to the effort expended, is to be found in the numerous requirements that a chemical product has to meet before being considered as a war toxic with a reasonable chance of successful use. Putting aside technical matters such as supply difficulties, stability and cost, it was necessary to consider tactical considerations such as persistence, insidiosity, volatility, etc. For the sake of convenience and because of lack of time, most of the agents chosen came from amongst compounds that were basic to the chemical industry. 

War broke out in Europe and it was obvious that America would become part of the conflict. The Office of Scientific Research and Development and the National Research and Development Committee were established in late 1941. Various universities furnished the people for these agencies and most university laboratories accepted contracts related to studying problems of interest to the Department of Defense. Adams was important in this effort and so included Speed as a participant. 

Financial relations with the United States were crucial to the Allied war effort. The first British orders were placed in October 1914 the first... 

Methylenedioxyamphetamine, or MDA, is a drug closely related to Ecstasy. Merck, a drug company, first created MDA in Germany in 1910. Some people believe it was sold as an appetite suppressant, but many historians consider this a myth. MDMA was produced in 1912. In the years after it was first synthesized, MDMA was largely ignored. That was because of the outbreak of World War I, which forced the pharmaceutical industry to focus on drugs and other chemicals that could aid the war effort. 

There are no intrinsic reasons in the model to keep a spherical shape for the cavity or to only extend the model to other regular cavities, such as the ellipsoids considered by Onsager. Efforts to keep a spherical shape for the cavity may lead to absurd results see, for example, the remarks expressed by Luzkhov and War-shel [12] about its use for ion pairs. The most convenient shape is based on the van der Waals envelope of the molecule, modified by factors related to the finite size of the solvent molecules the solvent excluding surface may be a first acceptable description. Today models adopt cavities with these irregular shapes. 

The development of calcium aluminate cement was spurred by efforts to overcome the problems associated with sulfate attack on Portland cement based concrete used in the construction of railway tunnels in gypsiferous grounds. The first patent relating to this type of binder was filed in 1908 by Bied in France. The cement was introdueed into production in 1913, and became known as Ciment Fondu. After it was recognized that calcium aluminate cement gains strength much faster than Portland cement, the binder was used in World War I by the French military in the constraction of gun emplacements and shelters, where this property was of paramount importance. After the war, the cement became widely used in other structural applications however, its use in this area became limited, after failures of structures built with this cement were reported from different countries. Nowadays calcium aluminate cement is being used in a variety of special applications. 

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