Space probes

Space optics Space probes Space processing... 

Thermoelectric devices represent niche markets, but as economic and environmental conditions continue to change, they appear poised to advance into more common use. Thermoelectric power generators are in use in many areas, including sateUites, deep-space probes, remote-area weather stations, undersea navigational devices, military and remote-area communications, and cathodic protection. 

Formaldehyde cyanohydrin was detected in Halley s comet by the Vega I space probe (27). 

Plutonium-239 is used as the energy source for heart pacemakers and space probes. It decays by alpha emission. 

Recent space-probe and earth-based spectroscopic studies of the planet Venus suggest how much remains to be learned about the other planets. Earlier estimates of the surface temperature of Venus placed it near 60°C. The more detailed studies show, however, that two characteristic temperatures can be identified, —40°C and 430°C. The lower temperature is attributed to light emitted front high altitude cloud tops. The higher temperature is likely to be the average surface temperature. 

Payload. Generally, that part of a load that is expendable, deliverable, or ready for use in direct accomplishment of the mission. The warhead, its container, and activating devices in a military missile. The satellite or research vehicle of a space probe or research missile Refs 1) Anon, OrdTechTeim (1962), 220 2) Anon, Dictionary of United States Military Terms for Joint Usage , JCS Pub 1 (1964), 108... 

In 1999, a 125 million Mars space probe crashed mysteriously, only because it later turned out they had gotten British and metric units all mixed up in the software ... 

Analytical problems continue to arise in new forms. Demands for analysis at long range by instrument packages steadily increase. Space probes, borehole logging and deep sea studies exemplify these requirements. In other fields, such as environmental and clinical studies, there is increasing recognition of the importance of the exact chemical form of an element in a sample rather than the mere level of its presence. Two well-known... 

At Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico the Analytical Chemistry Group (C-AAC) supports the Pu-238 Heat Source Project that fabricates heat sources for use in the space industry. These heat sources have been used on NASA s deep-space probes and on instruments exploring the surface of Mars. The chemical and isotopic purity of the heat sources are critically controlled to ensure dependable service. The Radiochemistry Task Area performs analyses of the heat source material for four radioisotopes americium-241, plutonium-238, neptunium-237, and uranium-235. 

Mars is almost free of clouds and the surface can be seen from the earth through a telescope. The results of the recent space probes (1073a) reveal that the surface temperature ranges from 188 to 243 K and the Martian poles are composed of substantial amounts of water ice, seasonally covered by C02 frost. The rusty-red color of the surface is caused by the presence of substantial amounts of iron oxides. The mean surface atmospheric pressure is 7.65 0.1 mbar. The temperature profile of the Mars atmosphere is given in Fig. VIII— 12. 

The temperature profile of the Venus atmosphere is shown in Fig. V111— 13. The surface temperature and pressure have recently been determined by space probes to be 747 + 20°K and 88 15 bars, respectively. 

The recent space probes have stimulated the laboratory experiments. the photochemistry of the constituent gases present in the atmospheres. . Mars, Venus, and Jupiter. Based on these experiments and on the resulr.. 1 recent space probes a number of atmospheric models have been present, i... 

Space probes -thermoelectric power supplies for [THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY CONVERSION] (Vol 23)... 

While large commercial markets have been long in coming, aerogels have been used in NASA projects, such as Mars exploration vehicles and a space probe capturing comet-tail dust. 

The advent of the space age, the testing of intercontinental ballistic missiles, the use of space probes, the existence of radiation belts in outer space, and the increasing utilization of military and civilian satellites have triggered further studies on the effects of nuclear radiation on all types of materials, including expls, propints, pyrots and related materials. Nuclear radiation effects studies range from steady-state to transient environments, from ground zero to upper atmosphere levels and from underground nuclear tests to simulation techniques in the laboratory which in turn cover all phases of vulnerability and survivability... 

Fiber optic sensors are an alternative to thermocouples as embedded temperature distribution mapping sensors. As described in Section 2.2.7, McIntyre et al.104 developed two distinct fiber optic temperature probe technologies for fuel cell applications (free space probes and optical fiber probes). Both sensor technologies showed similar trends in fuel cell temperature and were also used to study transient conditions. 

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