Underwater mines

Uses. Minols have historically been used in four types of ordnance, a) underwater (mines, torpedoes and depth charges) where the confinement of water offsets some of the loss of detonation velocity, b) blockbuster bombs in which a sustained and powerful impulse is more destructive than a high peak press, c) concrete fragmentation bombs where the high impulse will impart a satisfactory fragment velocity but will not pulverize the concrete they contact on impact, and d) in general purpose (GP) bombs... 

Mine. An enclosed explosive or chemical charge designed to be placed in position so that it detonates when its target touches or moves near it, or when touched by remote control. General types are Land Mine and Underwater Mine. The term mine may also mean an explosive charge placed in a subterranean tunnel under a fortification (Ref 40a, pp 99 142)... 

Not only the above "air-burst" but "proximity-fuze too, were envisioned by Lieut Moor. He proposed to equip shells and underwater mines (called in his time "torpedoes ") with such fuzes. His proximity fuze was not described in the article of Eichberg (Ref 33a), but probably was in one of the official reports addressed to the Navy... 

Fuze, Mine. A fuze designed to initiate a train of fire in a land mine. For initiation of underwater (sea) mine a device known as "Firing Mechanism, Underwater Mine" It is a device contg combustible or explosive components, which can be actuated by an acoustic signal, impact, hydrostatic pressure, and/or magnetic influence (Ref 40a, pp 71... 

Fuze, Sea (or Underwater) Mine. See under Fuze, Mine... 

Fuze, Underwater Mine. See under Fuze, Mine Fuze, Variable Time. See Fuze, Proximity Fuze, VT. See Fuze, Proximity Fuze Well. See Fuze Cavity... 

Horns. Metallic projections (lead, steel or copper) on top and/or sides of underwater mines, serving as initiators. Horns are of several types but the most common is the chemical horn, which contains glass vials filled with acid. 

Armi subacquee (Underwater Weapons). They include siluri (submarine torpedoes), bombe torpedini di profundita (depth bombs), mine subaquee (underwater mines), etc. Their teste (warheads) can have as bursting charge (carica esplosiva) Tritolital (TNT 60, RDX 20 A1 20%) Tritolito (RDX 40 or 60 incorporated in fused TNT 60 or 40%) or Torpex (RDX 44, TNT 38 A1 powder 18%) (Ref 31, p 382)... 

Doshpot, Anchor, Underwater Mine. A device consisting of a cylinder and hydrostatically operated piston, with a means of securing at both ends. Its purpose is to delay release of the anchor plummet by restricted passage of fluid thru an orifice or around the piston. The release mounted on the anchor serves to separate the anchor from the mine case at a predetermined depth... 

Standard underground and open cast mining techniques are used for extraction on land. Underwater mining is practised off the coast of Namibia. There diamond-containing clays are sucked up from the seabed and immediately concentrated on site. 

More exotic applications of such reactors may include underwater (e.g., to support underwater mining) or extraterrestrial (e.g., as a power source on the Moon, etc.) locations. 

Applications for the lithium-sulphur dioxide reserve systems include underwater mine batteries and (active batteries) memory protection, manpack communicarions, life-support equipment, sonobuoys, space probes, missiles, mines, security systems, data buoys/stations, weather sondes and electronic counter measures. The non-reserve (active) systems are used for covert sensors, memory protection and weather sondes. 

Nuclear weapons (war)d d Underwater construction d Sport parachutes d Coal mining accidents d General aviation... 

Otter (or Paravane). A protective underwater device which, when towed with a wire rope from a fitting on the bow of a ship, rides out from the ship s side and cuts the cables of anchored mines. The mines then rise to the... 

M. Dock, J.E. Sikes, M.E. Fisher, Underwater Explosives Detection Using a Chemical Sensing Method, Sixth International Symposium on Technology and the Mine Problem (MINWAILA),... 

The studied samples were collected from the Ras-Draa mine. The phosphatic grains (pellets) were separated from their exogangue (matrix) by granulometric fractionation after hand-processing the bulk samples underwater. 

These obviously include UXO,1 IEDs,2 and other ERW,3 but also may include similar objects underwater, buried in the seabed. There are also abandoned mining and construction sites that may need to be searched for old explosives. No matter which type object we may hypothesize as the source of molecules found, we need to follow similar reasoning to locate that source. 

Dock, M., M. Fisher, and C. Cumming. Novel detection apparatus for locating underwater unexploded ordnance, in Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Technology and the Mine Problem, Mine Warfare Association, Monterrey, California, April 2002. 

Dock, M., J. Sikes, M. Fisher, and M. Prather. Chemical detection of underwater explosives. 2004 Mine Countermeasures Demining Conference/MINWARA, Canberra, Australia, February 2004. 

Germany in mines, torpedoes, depth charges and Naval demolition containers Japan As type A explosive it was intended to be used in underwater ammunition to replace the type 97 explosive, TNT 60,... 

ASN of Tonegutti, proposed before WWII, consisted of AN 60, PETN 20, DCyDA 10 GuN (Guanidine Nitrate) 10%. It has-a low mp (104°) due to the presence of DCyDA GuN. It was used during WWII for loading Naval shells. When used in underwater ammunition, such as torpedoes, depth charges sea mines, its efficiency was increased by incorporating some A1 powder (Ref 28, p 320 and Ref 31, p 181 under Antisanzionite)... 

Tritolital. Accdg to Ref 28, p 351 Ref 31, p 263, it is a castable explosive used during WWII by Italians and Germans for loading underwater weapons, such as torpedoes, depth charges sea mines. It consisted of TNT 60, RDX 20 ... 

Ref 2, but the following Navy Sea Mines are described in Ref 1, Chapt III, under Japanese Underwater Ordnance (pp 34-53) ... 

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