Wastewater efficiently

Awad, Y. M. and Abuzaid, N. S. (1997) Electrochemical treatment of phenolic wastewater Efficiency, design considerations and economic evaluation. J. Environ. Sd. Health A 32, 1393-1414. 

It should be noted that, in developing a membrane process for treating a specific type of wastewater efficiently and effectively, the Six Sigma quality management program was suggested to be incorporated in the development process. ° ... 

Reducing wastewater associated with steam generation by both reducing steam use through improved heat recovery and by making the steam system itself more efficient. 

The Stamicarbon wastewater system consisting of two desorbers, hydrolyzer, hydrolyzer heater, reflux condenser, desorber heat exchanger, and a wastewater cooler is very efficient. Also, in many plants, as the water contains less than 1 ppm of NH and of urea, it can be used as cooling water make-up, or boiler-feed water. 

The problem in reducing the NH and urea content in the wastewaters to below 100 ppm is because it is difficult to remove one in the presence of the other. The wastewater can be treated with caustic soda to volatilize NH. However, in a more efficient method, the urea is hydrolyzed to ammonium carbamate, which is decomposed to NH and CO2 the gases are then stripped from the wastewater. 

Horizontally Mixing Aspirator Aerators. An aerator using a horizontally mixing aspirator has a marine propeller, submerged under water, attached to a soHd or a hoUow shaft. The other end of the shaft is out of the water and attached to an electric motor. When the propeller is rotated at high velocity, at either 1800 or 3600 rpm, a pressure drop develops around the propeller. Air is then aspirated under the water and mixed with the water, and moved out. This type of aerator, shown ia Figure 3g, is very efficient ia mixing wastewater. 

The pulp and paper industry and potable and wastewater treatment industry are the principal markets for aluminum sulfate. Over half of the U.S. aluminum sulfate produced is employed by the pulp and paper industry. About 37% is used to precipitate and fix rosin size on paper fibers, set dyes, and control slurry pH. Another 16% is utilized to clarify process waters. The alum sold for these purposes is usually Hquid alum. It is frequendy acidic as a result of a slight excess of H2SO4. Aluminum sulfate consumption by the pulp and paper industry is projected to remain constant or decline slightly in the near term because of more efficient use of the alum and an increased use of alkaline sizing processes (13). 

Size of solid particles - Lxiw solids concentrations (less than 10% average) classified by size and material, generally exhibit no adverse affect to pump efficiency. However, the discharge configuration of the pump must be sufficiently large to prevent obstructions. For example, sanitary and wastewater pumps that handle high solids. 

Calculate the mass or weight of chemical in the wastestream being treated by multiplying the concentration (by weight) of the chemical in the wastestream by the flow rate. In most cases, the percent removal compares the treated effluent to the influent for the particular type of wastestream. However, for some treatment methods, such as Incineration or solidification of wastewater, the percent removal of the chemical from the influent wastestream would be reported as 100 percent because the wastestream does not exist in a comparable form after treatment. Some of the treatments (e.g., fuel blending and evaporation) do not destroy, chemically convert, or physically remove the chemical from its wastestream. For these treatment methods, an efficiency of zero must be reported. 

The facility wastewater monitoring program does not determine the concentration of lead and lead compounds in the scrubber discharge water, and releases to the surface impoundment (releases to land) must be calculated using mate-riai balance information. These releases to land are determined from the amount of lead removed by the scrubber (using the efficiency data provided by the scrubber manufacturer). The volume of the scrubber blowdown Is found to be 1,500 pounds per year. Enter the estimate of the amount of lead and lead compounds released to surface Impoundments in the space provided in Part III, Section 5.5.3 of the form. Because releases of lead to the surface Impoundment are greater than 999 pounds per year, you must enter the actual calculated amount in column A.2 of Section 5.5.1. The basis for the estimate of releases to the surface impoundment, entered in column B of Section 5, is mass balance calculations (code C). 

Information on the types of treatment systems and their treatment efficiencies is required to be entered in Part III, Section 7, of the reporting form. For air emission treatment systems, use code A for wastewater treatment systems use, code W and for solid waste treatment systems, use code S in column 1 of Section 7. Appendix B of the instructions for Form R provides treatment codes to be entered in column B of Section 7. 

---