Markets: carbonated soft drinks

Coca-Cola has exclusive rights for 5 years to market carbonated soft drinks in the Petainer can. Soft drinks accounted for 30 billion cans last year, which represents an opportunity for PET of over 1 billion pounds of resin per year. My friend. Jack Pollock, of Sewell summed it up very nicely "In our view, all things being equal, a consumer would prefer to see the contents of a beverage being consumed."... 

Carbonated soft drinks (CSDs), estimated maximum oxygen tolerance, 3 38 It Carbonated soft drink bottles, 20 45-46 world market for, 20 53-54 Carbonate leaching, of uranium ores,... 

The market for carbonated soft drinks is dominated by two giant brands of cola drinks that, together with their associated brand names, account for just over half the world s consumption of such products. 

Non-carbonated beverages represent an important segment of the market for soft drinks but they present some special technological issues for product developer and manufacturer alike. The principal groups of non-carbonated beverages are as follows ... 

PET plastics are hygroscopic so require proper drying before processing. They can be extruded, blow molded, and thermoformed on conventional equipment if dried to a moisture content of less than 50 ppm. Recycling all types of PET materials is easily accomplished. Of the 2002 total USA 49.4 million units of PET beverage container market 57% contain carbonated soft drinks and 24% contain water.485... 

Plastic bottles for carbonated beverages are mostly made of PET as it offers high tensile strength and good barrier properties. Blow-molded PET bottles account for 33% of the total carbonated soft drink market. For packaging beer, which is oxygen sensitive, PET bottles are coated with PVDC, while the base cups that support the bottle are usually made of HDPE. 

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles were commercially introduced to the market place for the first time in 1976, by Pepsi Cola. The bottles were supplied by Amoco from their Seymour, IN plant, blown on Cincinnati Milacron machines, from preforms molded in molds supplied by Broadway Mold in Dayton, OH. The PET bottle introduction coincided with the FDA-forced withdrawal of the Monsanto supplied Coca Cola ANS bottles, making it the only plastic carbonated soft drink (CSD) bottle on the market. Fig. 33.3 shows a Continental Can Company (CCC) bottle produced in the company s first PET bottle blow molding plant in 1977. A second important milestone was the introduction in Japan by Yo-shino in 1982 and in the United States by Monsanto in 1985, of bottles suitable for hot filling, a typical filling method for perishable beverages like juices. The Yoshino and the Monsanto bottles are shown in Eig. 33.4 and Fig. 33.5, respectively. 

The clarity, toughness and barrier properties make PET best suited for its primary market - blow-moulded carbonated soft drinks containers. Speciality grades include flame retardant, impact modified and glass, mineral, carbon, PTFE and mica filled. 

Petaloid shaped base for the carbonated soft drink bottles made out of (polyethylene terephthalete) (PET) is quiet common and there are currently a few bottle designs with slightly different petaloid base in the market. While the petaloid bases provide stability to the bottles stress cracking of the base during hot climates occurs. 

Elavored carbonated beverages, or soft drinks, were developed by apothecaries and chemists in the early nineteenth century by the addition of flavored symps to fountain-dispensed carbonated water. The introduction of proprietary flavors began in the late 1880s. Charles H. Hires introduced his root beer extract in 1876, Vemors s Ginger Ale was marketed by James Vernor in 1880, R. S. La2enby perfected the formula for Dr. Pepper in 1885, and John S. Pemberton developed the formula for Coca-Cola in 1886. Brad s Drink was introduced in 1896 and was later renamed Pepsi-Cola in 1898. 

This sector accounts for the largest volume of soft drinks production and is divided into products that are carbonated, that is, contain carbon dioxide, and those that are still. Carbonated RTD soft drinks dominate the world market and detailed consumption trends appear in Chapter 2 of this volume. 

As indicated in Section 1.2.2, some markets are substantial consumers of concentrated soft drinks. These products are purchased in concentrate form by the consumer, who then adds water (which can be carbonated if required) to achieve... 

Fumaric acid is not permitted under UK or EU legislation for direct use in soft drinks, although it is permitted under Annex IV of Directive 95/2/EC (modified by directive 98/72/EC), with strict limits, in instant powders for fruit-, tea- or herbal-based drinks. Fumaric acid finds wide use in other countries as an acidulant, notably in the US market, where it has GRAS ( Generally Recommended As Safe ) status. Fumaric acid is currently manufactured in the United States via the acid-catalysed isomerisation of maleic acid. In terms of equivalent palate acidity it can be used at lower levels than citiic acid and typical replacement is suggested at two parts fumaric acid per three parts citric acid in water, sugar water and carbonated sugar water. 

Closures made with a liner (or wad)-type sealing system break the seal faster, thereby allowing more time to vent the carbonation gases. The technology of liners has developed significantly over recent years. This development has improved the reliability of the seal across a wide range of bottles, both glass and plastic, and offers the potential for an improved barrier in the closure. All this has meant that most closures in the soft drinks and juice market today have liners of one form or another. There are two types of liner a loose liner pushed into the cap after the cap is moulded and a moulded-in liner, which is formed at the time the closure is made. 

The flavor of lemon, contributed by the peel oil, is probably second only to orange flavor in overall popularity. The growth in market fcr the powdered soft drink mixes and the fruit drink mixes, particularly for lemon-flavored products, has increased the demand for lemon oil. Added to this is the increasing demand for lemon oils for use in the carbonated and noncar-bonated soft drinks that are increasing in popularity worldwide. 

Citric acid is used in soft drinks, candies, wines, desserts, jellies, jams, as an antioxidant in frozen fruits and vegetables, and as an emulsifier in cheese. As the most versatile food acidulant, citric acid accounts for about 70 percent of the total food acidulant market. It provides effervescence by combining the citric acid with a biocarbonate/carbonate source to form carbon dioxide. Citric acid and its salts are also used in blood anticoagulants to chelate calcium, block blood clotting, and buffer the blood. Citric acid is contained in various cosmetic products such as hair shampoos, rinses, lotions, creams, and toothpastes. More recently, citric acid has been used for metal cleaning, substituted for phosphate in detergents, for secondary oil recovery, and as a buffer/absorber in stack gas desulfurization. The use of sodium citrate in heavy-duty liquid laundry detergent formulations has resulted in a rapid increase in the use of citric acid. 

Over the same time period, another group of users of essential oils entered the markets, hi 1790, the term soda water for carbon dioxide saturated water as a new drink appeared for the first time in the United States and in 1810, the first U.S. patent was issued for the manufacture of imitations of natural gaseous mineral waters. Only 9 years later the soda fountain was patented by Samuel Fahnestock. In 1833, carbonated lemonade flavored with lemon juice and citric acid was on sale in England. In 1835, the first bottled soda water appeared in the United States. It is, however, interesting that the first flavored sparkling drink—Ginger Ale—was created in heland in 1851. The milestones in flavored soft drinks... 

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