Carbonated soft drink bottle

Carbonated soft drinks (CSDs), estimated maximum oxygen tolerance, 3 38 It Carbonated soft drink bottles, 20 45-46 world market for, 20 53-54 Carbonate leaching, of uranium ores,... 

Explain each of the following statements (a) The boiling point of seawater is higher than that of pure water, (b) Carbon dioxide escapes from the solution when the cap is removed from a carbonated soft-drink bottle, (c) Molal concentrations and molar... 

Sidel, a French company, has developed the Actis plasma process that coats the inside of PET bottles with a 0.15 micron thick layer of amorphous carbon to improve oxygen and carbon dioxide barrier. Actis stands for Amorphous Carbon Treatment on Internal Surface. The carbon is deposited from acetylene gas, using a microwave-assisted process to excite the gas into plasma. The bottles are clear, and the process is reported to increase the carbon dioxide barrier of beer bottles by up to seven times, while not interfering with recycling. Actis has been approved by FDA, and is reported to cost 20 to 25 percent less than multilayer PET bottles with comparable barrier properties [10], Sidel has also developed Actis Lite a lower level of treatment for carbonated soft drink bottles, sparkling waters, juices, teas, and sauces, which do not require as good a barrier as beers and ciders. 

Explain each of the following statements (a) The boiling point of seawater is higher than that of pure water, (b) Carbon dioxide escapes from the solution when the cap is removed from a carbonated soft-drink bottle, (c) Molal and molar concentrations of dilute aqueous solutions are approximately equal, (d) In discussing the colligative properties of a solution (other than osmotic pressure), it is preferable to express the concentration in units of molality rather than in molarity, (e) Methanol (b.p. 65°C) is useful as an antifreeze, but it should be removed from the car radiator during the summa- season. 

End-of-Chapter Problems pose many relevant questions for the student to solve. Examples include Why do swimming coaches sometimes place a drop of alcohol in a swimmer s ear to draw out water How does one estimate the pressure in a carbonated soft drink bottle before removing the cap ... 

Polypropylene is slowly but surely finding its way into ISBM applications. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) now dominates, being helped by its widespread use in carbonated soft drink bottles up to 3 L in volume. With the incorporation of a good clarifier, the clarity of PP bottles rivals that of PET bottles, but the oxygen and carbon dioxide barrier properties of PET are significantly better than those of PP. The water vapor barrier properties of PP, however, are superior, and new technology promises to improve the oxygen and carbon dioxide barrier properties of PP bottles. 

In 1993,450 million lbs of postconsumer PET bottles including 40% of all carbonated soft-drink bottles were recycled in the USA. The 1993 recycling rate of plastic packaging was 6.9%, with PET at 28%. In 2009, the National Association of PET Container Resources found that the overall amount of recyclable PET bottles and glasses in the USA was about 2.34 x 10 kg in 1 year, whereas the recycled quantity was just about 6.53 x 10 kg which is 28% of the existing amount. 

Lopac (Monsanto) is the trade name for a copolymer of methacrylonitrile with small percentages of styrene and methyl styrene. It has been used as a material for the fabrication of carbonated soft drink bottles. It has excellent clarity and barrier properties. 

This is the trade name of a product made by copolymerising acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate in the presence of butadiene - acrylonitrile rubber. It is clear, has good barrier properties and impact strength. This polymer may also, have future applications in the bottle blowing field for carbonated soft drinks bottles. 

Antimony, as antimony trioxide (CAS No. 1309-64-4), is used as a catalyst in the manufacturing of plastics especially PET. PET plastic is used in the production of single-use water bottles (Shotyk and Krachler 2007 Shotyk et al. 2006 Westerhoff et al. 2008), carbonated soft-drink bottles (Tukur et al. 2012), juice containers... 

Petaloid shaped base for the carbonated soft drink bottles made out of (polyethylene terephthalete) (PET) is quiet common and there are currently a few bottle designs with slightly different petaloid base in the market. While the petaloid bases provide stability to the bottles stress cracking of the base during hot climates occurs. 

The carboxyl end can also thermally degrade to form vinyl end groups [22-24], which occur along with the formation of acetaldehyde (Figure 11). This is a side reaction that needs to be avoided, as acetaldehyde can taint mineral water and carbonated soft drinks if present at high levels (>20ppm) in the bottle polymer. Hence lower temperatures (around 160°C) are used in the SSP phase to minimise the formation of acetaldehyde. 

Degradation and side reactions are limited in the solid state due to the lower processing temperatures used. PET, for use in bottle applications, is a notable example. Small concentrations of acetaldehyde (AA), a by-product of degradation and side reactions in PET, can affect the taste of carbonated soft drinks and mineral water. The SSP process is the best means of achieving PET bottles with acceptable levels of AA. 

Re-usable containers, such as bottles for carbonated soft drinks, made of PEN have high-temperature tolerance for cleaning and sterilizing [79], The inherent UV resistance of PEN creates opportunities for colorless electronic and pharmaceutical packaging, as well as vacuum-metallized products for aerospace, industry and military applications [80, 81]. 

Polyesters are in widespread use in our modem life, ranging from bottles for carbonated soft drinks and water, to fibres for shirts and other apparel. Polyester also forms the base for photographic film and recording tape. Household tradenames, such as Dacron , Fortrel , Terylene and Mylar , demonstrate the ubiquitous nature of polyesters. 

Bottles for carbonated soft drinks, 60% custom containers for products other than carbonated soft drinks, 30% amorphous (packaging) and crystallized (microwave and oven trays for frozen foods), 10%... 

Polyethylene terephthalate) (PET), with an oxygen permeability of 8 iiiuol/(ius-GPa), is not considered a barrier polymer by die old definition however, it is an adequate barrier polymer for holding carbon dioxide in a 2-L bottle for carbonated soft drinks. The solubility coefficients for carbon dioxide are much larger than for oxygen. For the case of the PET soft drink bottle, the principal mechanism for loss of carbon dioxide is by sorption in the bottle walls as 500 kPa (5 atm) of carbon dioxide equilibrates with the polymer. For an average wall thickness of 370 pm (14.5 mil) and a permeabdity of 40 nmol/(m-s-GPa), many months are required to lose enough carbon dioxide (15% of initial) to be objectionable. 

Under European Directive 95/2/EC, calcium disodium EDTA is permitted only in a limited number of foods, including some canned and bottled products, with maximum levels specified in each case. In the United States (Code of Federal Regulations) it is permitted to a level of 33 ppm in canned carbonated soft drinks, to promote flavour retention. 

When you open a carbonated drink, you can observe the effect of pressure on solubility. Figure 8.13 shows this effect. Inside a soft drink bottle, the pressure of the carbon dioxide gas is very high about 400 kPa. When you open the bottle, you hear the sound of escaping gas as the pressure is reduced. Carbon dioxide gas escapes quickly from the bottle, since the pressure of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is much lower only about 0.03 kPa. The solubility of the carbon dioxide in the liquid soft drink decreases greatly. Bubbles begin to rise in the liquid as gas comes out of solution and escapes. It takes a while for all the gas to leave the solution, so you have time to enjoy the taste of the soft drink before it goes flat. ... 

What happens when the pressure of the carbon dioxide gas in a soft drink bottle is released The solubility of the gas in the soft drink solution decreases. 

Many ethylene derivatives having the general structure CH2=CHZ are also used as monomers for polymerization. The identity of Z affects the physical properties of the resulting polymer, making some polymers more suitable for one consumer product (e.g., plastic bags or food wrap) than another (e.g., soft drink bottles or compact discs). Polymerization of CH2=CHZ usually affords polymers with the Z groups on every other carbon atom in the chain. Table 15.2 lists some common monomers and polymers prepared industrially. 

A mixture of 50 g. (0.51 mole) of maleic anhydride and 80 ml. of benzene is placed in a bottle used for carbonated soft drinks. The mixture is cooled to 0°, and 32 g. (0.59 mole) of butadiene is distilled into the bottle. The bottle is closed securely and allowed to stand at room temperature for 12 hours, and then heated to 100° in an autoclave for 5 hours. Benzene (100 ml.) is placed in the autoclave in an open vessel along with the reaction bottle for pressure equalization. The product is recrystallized from a mixture of benzene and ligroin to yield 69.9 g. (90%) of the A -tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, m.p. 101-103°. 

Thinking Critically Think about what happens when a bottle of carbonated soft drink is shaken before being opened. Use the gas laws to explain whether the effect will be greater when the liquid is warm or cold. 

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