Consumption trends

Automotive is the largest market sector for polyamide accounting for 34% of world market volume in 2002. Polyamide has successfully and continually replaced metal parts in many different automotive applications over the last few decades. The main reasons for the success of polyamide in automotive applications is its lower weight, lower cost and better functionality than competing 

In 2002, total polyamide consumption in automotive applications was 660,000 tonnes against 638,000 tonnes in 1999. Market tonnage declined in 2001 due to the contraction in world automotive production, but then recovered in 2002, particularly in Western Europe. North American consumption of polyamide fell sharpest in 2001, as car production was down by around 15%. 

In 2002, Western Europe is the largest user of polyamide in automotive, accounting for 36% of total consumption. North America is the second largest market with 34%, followed by Rest of Asia Pacific with 15% and Japan with 8%. The share of China and other Pacific Rim countries is growing and is forecast to increase further in future because of the trend for car manufacturers to relocate production to lower cost economies. 

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The 1990 production levels and corresponding countries are also Hsted in Table 1 as are exports and imports of natural gas. Geographic consumption trends are shown in Figure 1. 

Historically, consumption of sulfuric acid has been a good measure of a country s degree of iadustrialization and also a good iadicator of general busiaess conditions. This is far less vaUd ia the 1990s, because of the heavy sulfuric acid usage by the phosphate fertilizer iadustry. Of total U.S. sulfuric acid consumption ia 1994 of 42.5 x 10 metric tons, over 70% went iato phosphate fertilizers as compared to 45% ia 1970 and 64% ia 1980 (144). Uses other than fertilizer have grown only slowly or declined. This trend is expected to continue. Production and consumption trends ia the United States are shown ia Tables 9 and 10. 

ECPI (2009) European plasticizer consumption - trends. European Council for Plasticizers and Intermediates... 

The balance between natural rubber and SBR is a delicate one. Natural rubber has made a comeback and reversed its downward trend. Developments of rubber farming have raised the yield from 500 Ib/acre/yr to 2,000-3,000. Petrochemical shortages and price increases have hurt SBR. Finally, the trend toward radial-ply tires, which contain a higher proportion of natural rubber, favors this comeback. Fig 18.1 shows the U.S. natural rubber consumption trends vs. U.S. SBR production, where this bounceback of the natural rubber market is very evident from 1980 to the present. The competitive price structure for these two elastomers through the years has been very evident, and their prices are never too far apart. 

The consumer markets in North America appear to have contracted, but there has been an increase of cannabis use in Africa and in most countries of South America. The situation in Europe is mixed. A decline of cannabis use was found in the Oceania region, which has the world s highest levels of prevalence rates for cannabis. Countries of East South-East Asia showed stable or declining cannabis consumption trends while in South-Asia, South-West Asia and Central Asia the reported trends suggest an increase. 

Natural gas production on a worldwide basis has also continued to increase (5). Worldwide natural gas production increased at a rate of approximately 2.5%/yr for the period 1980—1985 and at a rate of approximately 3.7%/yr for the period 1986—1990. By 1990, the annual level had reached an energy equivalent of 73.1 X 1018 J (1.75 X 1016 kcal) or approximately 2.1 x 1012 m3 (7.42 x 1013 ft3) and provided 22.9% of the total energy used. The 1990 production levels and corresponding countries are also Us ted in Table 1 as are exports and imports of natural gas. Geographic consumption trends are shown in Figure 1. 

This sector accounts for the largest volume of soft drinks production and is divided into products that are carbonated, that is, contain carbon dioxide, and those that are still. Carbonated RTD soft drinks dominate the world market and detailed consumption trends appear in Chapter 2 of this volume. 

Developing a new comprehensive vision of sustainable energy production, utilizing the latest state-of-the-art energy technologies will enable us to forecast and model sustainable consumption trends with plenty of renewable... 

Most of the changes in the amounts of zinc contributed by meat can be related to the use of beef which accounts for the largest single contribution of zinc in the American diet. Before 1953, consumption of beef was less than that of pork. However, beef provided about twice as much zinc as pork because it is higher in zinc concentration. Since the mid-1960 s, beef has contributed three and sometimes four times as much zinc as does pork. This change has been due to Increased beef consumption which began in the mid-1950 s and peaked at 94 lb per capita in 1976. Between 1976 and 1980, beef consumption decreased 19 percent while pork consumption increased 27 percent. However, 1981 data may indicate another reverse in consumption trends. Pork contributed 1.0 mg of zinc per capita per day or 8 percent of the zinc in the food supply in 1981 while beef contributed 3.0 mg per capita per day or 24 percent of the total zinc. 

Watanabe I, Kawano M, Tatsukawa R (1993) Consumption trend and environmental research on brominated flame retardants in Japan and the formation of polyhalogenated dibenzofurans at the metal reclamation factory. Document distributed at the OECD Workshop on the Risk Reduction of Brominated Flame Retardants, Neuchatel, Switzerland... 

Tomera JF (1999) Current knowledge of the health benefits and disadvantages of wine consumption. Trends Food 8ci Technol 10 129-138... 

Table 3.3 shows that U.S. consumption trended upward from 1900 through the early postwar years, followed by considerable fluctuation afterward. Annual consumption rates were around 1.0—1.3 million MT from the 1950s... 

The importance of electricity generation for fuel consumption trends cannot be overstated. Electrification has characterized all of the... 

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