Filling methods

Rigid particles with diameters greater than 20 micrometers can be dry-packed efficiently with relatively simple apparatus using the tap-fill method [149]. The empty column. is held... 

Phosphorus pentoxide reacts with moisture in the air to form phosphoric acid. WP munitions were used by U.S. military forces and their allies to mark targets and to provide smoke screen coverage for troops and equipment in combat zones. These munitions were produced primarily by the dip-fill or wet-fill method illustrated by Figure 1. The method is called dip-fill because empty munition bodies are dipped below the molten phosphorus level in an open tank until the munitions are filled with liquid phosphorus. The method is also called wet-fill because a water overlay is maintained over the liquid phosphorus (in the fill tank) to prevent spontaneous combustion of the chemical element and because the filled munition will have a slight water overlay (up to 1/8" column height allowed). 

This development has provided a safe, clean and efficient method for processing UP munitions (30% reduction in manpower requirements and a 90% reduction in air and water pollution). The system is an extremely accurate production filling method. This accuracy is very important in UP operations since any adjustment in munition volume is hazardous and inefficient. The line changeover from one munition to another is accomplished by two experienced men in one day. 

The filling method (See Figure 2) is essentially a fail-safe system in that controls are designed to prevent double-cycling. The filling valve and the reservoir valve are electrically interlocked so... 

Future plans for our UP operations include the replacement of two remaining UP dip-fill production lines with the more accurate, efficient, and safer volumetric filling method described in this paper. 

Chen, H Li, Y and Yang, W. (2007) Preparation of silicalite-1 membrane by solution-filling method and its alcohol extraction properties. J. Membr. Sci., 296, 122-130. 

Glass bottles will normally be pasteurised using either the hot fill method or in-pack pasteurisation. 

Industrial uses of aerosols include aerosol propellants, anti foam sprays, fire extinguishers and paints. Herzka Pickthal (Ref 5) describe aerosol propellants, containers, valves, filling methods, lab procedures, emulsified systems, etc Refs 1)Webster s New Collegiate Dic-... 

Typically CFC products utilize both the cold-fill and the pressure-fill processes. Whether a product is filled by pressure or cold, is determined by the manufacturing equipment available at a particular company and by the nature of the active drag. For example, since Albuterol is moisture-sensitive, it cannot be filled by the cold process. Hydrofluorocarbon products are typically filled using the pressure-filling method. Figure 3 depicts the process flow, indicating both types of fillings. 

Figure 4.20. Elementary process flow sheets for molding an internal (a) and an external (b) anticorrosive coatings by the contmuous/subsequent filling method 1 - cylinder (shell) being coated, rotating on supports ...

WP/F is manufactured in the Pine Bluff Arsenal in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. Molten white phosphorus stored under water is loaded in munitions shells either by the dip-fill or dry-fill methods (Berkowitz et al. 1981). In the dip-fill method, the shell canisters containing the felt wedges are passed through tubs of molten phosphorus under water. In the dry fill method, molten phosphorus is added directly to the canister under an inert atmosphere. The latter method greatly reduces phosphorus waste (phossy water) and environmental contamination (Spanggord et al. 1983). 

During operation, maintain the liquid nitrogen at a constant level to prevent the evaporation of condensable vapors that could in turn collect on the ion source. Use the trap-filling method suggested in Sec. 7.4.3. 

The Step 2 product (2.5 g) was pressed and filled into a stainless steel column with O 0.46 cm X L25 cm by the slurry filling method and used directly for enantiomeric isomer separations. 

The easiest way to put a washcoat layer ort a mortolithic substrate is by using a colloidal solution of the coating material (60). For both silica and alumina, these colloidal solutions are readily available (and colloidal solutions of other materials are also available). Coating with colloidal solutions is a pore-filling method. 

In sol-gel coating, a sol is produced containing the material to be used as catalyst support. The advantage is that the support material reaches all pores in the cordierite support—this is a pore-filling method. 

In the manufacture of MDIs, liquid filling procedures have been developed based on either a cold-filling method or a pressure-filling method. Both methods are suitable for either solution or suspension formulations and regardless of the process, it is important to maintain a low atmospheric relative humidity in the filling area to minimize condensation and possible absorption of water by the product. 

Assumptions about the basic method of disposal of the coal-cleaning waste must be made. For this paper, we assumed that the valley-fill method would be used. In this method, a narrow downward-sloping valley near the cleaning plant is filled, in benches, from the upper end. As the upper benches reach contour level, the pile is covered with sufficient soil to retard water percolation to one-third that of an uncovered pile. The drainage from such a waste pile has the characteristics of acid mine drainage, with most of the dissolved solids being iron sulfates. 

The Reclamation and Operations Plan also requires an analysis of suitable uses for the land after reclamation. It is not always necessary to restore land to its premining condition and utilization. Often, a utilization of higher value is acceptable. For example, a previously forested hillside adjoining pastureland might be acceptably restored as pasture. In areas with high relief, mountaintop removal and valley-fill methods may be used to create new flat areas, which have positive use for agriculture and residential development. 

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