Containers carbon dioxide

The solubility of the carbonate in water containing carbon dioxide causes the formation of caves with stalagtites and stalagmites and is responsible for hardness in water. Other important compounds are the carbide, chloride, cyanamide, hypochlorite, nitrate, and sulfide. 

Chlorine dioxide produced from the methanol reductant processes contains carbon dioxide and small amounts of formic acid. For this reason, sulfur dioxide and chloride-based chlorine dioxide processes are stih used for sodium chlorite production. This problem has been addressed by recycling a portion of the vapor from methanol-based generators so that formic acid further reacts to carbon dioxide ... 

You can observe heterogeneous nucleation easily in carbonated drinks like "fizzy" lemonade. These contain carbon dioxide which is dissolved in the drink under pressure. When a new bottle is opened the pressure on the liquid immediately drops to that of the atmosphere. The liquid becomes supersaturated with gas, and a driving force exists for the gas to come out of solution in the form of bubbles. The materials used for lemonade bottles - glass or plastic - are poor catalysts for the heterogeneous nucleation of gas bubbles and are usually very clean, so you can swallow the drink before it loses its "fizz". But ordinary blackboard chalk (for example), is an excellent former of bubbles. If you drop such a nucleant into a newly opened bottle of carbonated beverage, spectacular heterogeneous nucleation ensues. Perhaps it is better put another way. Chalk makes lemonade fizz up. 

On January 2, 1969, two vessels containing carbon dioxide in a carbon dioxide production and filling plant exploded in rapid succession. The explosion completely destroyed the tank yard of the plant and killed nine people. Fifteen people were injured. 

Manufacturers added exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems to counter the increased in-cylinder NO. formation associated with higher operating temperatures. The EGR recycles a portion of the exhaust stream back into the engine intake air. The relatively inert exhaust gas, containing carbon dioxide and water but little oxygen, serves as a combustion buffer, reducing peak combustion temperatures. 

Figure 4-465. Corrosion of steei in distiiled water containing carbon dioxide at various partial pressures. (From Ref [197].)...

Table 1.29 tabulates most known examples of erosion corrosion problems occuring in aqueous systems. Historically, erosion corrosion first became a problem with the copper alloy (70%Cu 29%Zn l%Sn) condensers of naval shipsErosion corrosion of copper alloys has been an ongoing problem since then. The other major problem areas are (a) power plants where steels are exposed to water or water/steam mixtures in the temperature range 90°-280°C (b) the oil and gas industry where steels are exposed to various liquid, gas, and sometimes solids combinations containing carbon dioxide. 

When a candle is burned, a gas is produced—a gas containing carbon dioxide and water vapor. It is useful to describe such a gas as a collection of molecules, each molecule containing smaller units called atoms. Each carbon dioxide molecule contains one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. Each water molecule contains one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. Where did these atoms come from Were they present in the candle before it burned ... 

The above considerations apply to solutions which do not contain carbon dioxide. In practice, carbon dioxide is usually present (compare Section 10.7)... 

Carbon Dioxide Removal. Aside from contained carbon dioxide which is removed from syngas when absorbing hydrogen sulfide, the total carbon dioxide produced in the methanation system is removed by conventional absorption in a single-stage operation in which the volume of gas to be treated is minimum and the partial pressure of the carbon dioxide is maximum. 

Magnesium combuste above 900 C with carbon dioxide. The ignition takes place at a temperature of 780°C and above if water traces are present. This behaviour thus does not allow use of extinguishers containing carbon dioxide for magnesium fires. 

The environmental problem of sulfur dioxide emission, as has been pointed out, is very much associated with sulfidic sources of metals, among which a peer example is copper production. In this context, it would be beneficial to describe the past and present approaches to copper smelting. In the past, copper metallurgy was dominated by reverberatory furnaces for smelting sulfidic copper concentrate to matte, followed by the use of Pierce-Smith converters to convert the matte into blister copper. The sulfur dioxide stream from the reverberatory furnaces is continuous but not rich in sulfur dioxide (about 1%) because it contains carbon dioxide and water vapor (products of fuel combustion), nitrogen from the air (used in the combustion of that fuel), and excess air. The gas is quite dilute and unworthy of economical conversion of its sulfur content into sulfuric acid. In the past, the course chosen was to construct stacks to disperse the gas into the atmosphere in order to minimize its adverse effects on the immediate surroundings. However, this is not an en-... 

The term sour water is used for water containing carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and ammonia encountered in refinery operations. 

Care must be taken in distilling solutions of lithium aluminum hydride. Explosions have been reported 4 toward the end of distillations of such solutions, especially if they contained carbon dioxide. It is therefore recommended that these distillations be carried out behind a shield and that not more than three-fourths of the solvent be removed. 

Some chemical reactions proceed very slowly, others with explosive speed, and still others somewhere in between. The dissolving of underground limestone deposits by water containing carbon dioxide to form caverns is an example of a slow reaction it can take centuries. The explosion of TNT is an example of a very rapid reaction. 

Dietz and Peover examined the electrochemical reduction of cis and trans stilbene (114) in DMF containing carbon dioxide, 9>. The first electron transfer to trans-114 affords a planar radical anion (115) which then undergoes rapid reaction with carbon dioxide to produce, ultimately, 2,3-diphenylsuc-cinic acid (116) in... 

The bioluminescence of the American firefly (Photinus pyralis) is certainly the best-known bioluminescent reaction, thanks to the work of Me Elroy and coworkers and E. H. White and his group (for references see P, p. 138, 6,168,169)) The substrate of this enzyme-catalyzed chemiluminescent oxidation is the benzothiazole derivative 107 (Photinus luciferin) which yields the ketone 109 in a decarboxylation reaction. The concept of a concerted cleavage of a dioxetane derivative has been applied to this reaction 170> (see Section II. C.). Recent experiments with 18C>2 have challenged this concept, as no 180-containing carbon dioxide was detected from the oxidation of 107 171>. 

O A sealed carbonated-drink bottle contains a liquid drink with a space above it. The space contains carbon dioxide at a pressure of about 405 kPa. 

A Firemen race against time to put out the fire before it reaches the aircraft s fuel tanks. The first priority is to keep the air away from the flames. This is done by smothering the flames with a special foam made up of bubbles containing carbon dioxide, in which things cannot burn. Foam has two advantages over water. It can be concentrated on its target more easily, and is easier to transport. 

The hydroxide, [Ir(NH3)6](OH)3, is obtained in solution by treating the chloride with moist silver oxide. The solution is strongly alkaline, displaces ammonia from ammonium salts, and precipitates the hydroxides of some metallic salts. If exposed to air containing carbon dioxide it quickly absorbs the gas, being transformed into the carbonate, [Ir(NH3)6]2(C03)3, which crystallises in microscopic plates. 

The gaseous phase of any material occupies significantly more volume than either its solid or liquid phase, (a) Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) is broken up into powder form, (b) The powder is funneled into a balloon, (c) The balloon expands as the contained carbon dioxide becomes a gas as the powder warms up. 

This sector accounts for the largest volume of soft drinks production and is divided into products that are carbonated, that is, contain carbon dioxide, and those that are still. Carbonated RTD soft drinks dominate the world market and detailed consumption trends appear in Chapter 2 of this volume. 

Hydrate Synthetic natural gas mixture containing carbon dioxide with methanol... 

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