Marketplace

A detailed study of the properties of the potential products is of prime technical and economic importance, because it allows the refiner to have a choice in selecting feedstocks for his different units for separation, transformation and conversion, to set their operating conditions, in order to satisfy the needs of the marketplace in the best ways possible. 

Four-level lasers offer a distinct advantage over tlieir tliree-level counterjiarts, (figure C2.15.5). The Nd YAG system is an excellent example of a four-level laser. Here tlie tenninal level for tlie laser transition, 2), is unoccupied tlius resulting in an inverted state as soon as any atom is pumped to state 3. Solid-state systems based on tliis pumping geometry dominate tlie marketplace for high-power laser devices. 

The first 6 m nylon 66 stands for the number of carbons m the diamine the second for the number of carbons m the dicarboxylic acid Nylon 66 was an im mediate success and fostered the development of a large number of related polyamides many of which have also found their niche in the marketplace... 

Aluminum. The majority of aluminum containers are of monobloc (one-piece) constmction, impact extmded from a slug of lubricated aluminum alloy. These containers are widely used for many products and are available in a vast array of heights and diameters. Because these containers lend themselves to additional shaping, many unusual shapes can be found in the marketplace. They may also be coated after the extmsion process. 

In the late 1980s attempts were made in California to shift fuel use to methanol in order to capture the air quaHty benefits of the reduced photochemical reactivity of the emissions from methanol-fueled vehicles. Proposed legislation would mandate that some fraction of the sales of each vehicle manufacturer be capable of using methanol, and that fuel suppHers ensure that methanol was used in these vehicles. The legislation became a study of the California Advisory Board on Air QuaHty and Fuels. The report of the study recommended a broader approach to fuel quaHty and fuel choice that would define environmental objectives and allow the marketplace to determine which vehicle and fuel technologies were adequate to meet environmental objectives at lowest cost and maximum value to consumers. The report directed the California ARB to develop a regulatory approach that would preserve environmental objectives by using emissions standards that reflected the best potential of the cleanest fuels. 

Most manufacturers sell a portion of their alcohol product on the merchant market, retaining a portion for internal use, typically for the manufacture of plasticizers. Sterling Chemicals linear alcohol of 7, 9, and 11 carbons is all used captively. Plasticizer range linear alcohols derived from natural fats and oils, for instance, octanol and decanol derived from coconut oil and 2-octanol derived from castor oil, are of only minor importance in the marketplace. 

Packaging (qv) represents the largest market area for film and sheeting materials (15). It is a complex market with so many categories that it is difficult to get an accurate measure of end usage for specific materials (16). The stmcture of the marketplace which uses both monolayers of film, as well as converted composite stmctures and laminates, adds to the complexity. The ultimate user or packager may purchase raw film direcdy from a manufacturer, or use the same film laminated to one or more other films or substrates through a converter. The converter may buy film or extmde his own supply. Resin sales to film producers do not always correlate with their film sales, because of scrap and yield losses. 

North American HF production capacity has declined since the early 1980s and several smaller producers, such as Harshaw and Essex, have closed plants. Production is expected to continue to decline in the short term because of chlorofluorocarbon (CPC) cutbacks, but is expected to rebound later in the 1990s as replacement hydrochlorofluorocarbons are introduced to the marketplace. 

Many studies have reported a link between consumption of sunburned potatoes, ie, those exposed to the sun and having an accumulation of chlorophyll and solanine under the skin, with incidences of teratogenic effects and even death (59—61). Because sunburned potatoes in the commercial marketplace are relatively rare, and because the long-term effects of consumption of potatoes at the maximum estabUshed limits of solanine concentration are uncertain, there is equal uncertainty of the tme incidence of human toxicity (62). 

Although ASTM specifies certain quaUty levels, there are a number of factors that contribute to other quaUty levels in the marketplace. At times, government regulations are more restrictive than ASTM specifications, especiaHy with respect to environmental issues. Secondly, competitive forces may encourage companies to provide fuel quaUty that is better than that defined by ASTM. Thirdly, ASTM specifications do not have the force of law, and certain companies may decide to exceed or not meet their recommended values. In response to this last factor, some states have adopted ASTM fuel quahty specifications as state regulations, thus forcing a minimum quaUty level in the field. 

Development of bioalgin has ceased. Curdlan, puUulan, and scleroglucan have found only limited appHcation and geUan, welan, and rhamsan have only been recendy introduced to the marketplace. 

Hair conditioning can be associated with almost any hair product sold in the marketplace because they all claim some benefit to the hair when used. Thus the term hair conditioner can be appHed to such products as rinses, hair dressings, setting lotions, and hair sprays. Conditioners are used to provide different effects to the hair primarily ease of combing, sheen, and soft feel. 

Composites. Various composite materials have evolved over the years as a significant class of high performance textile products. The prototype composite is carbon fiber with an epoxy resin matrix for stmctural akcraft components and other aerospace and military appHcations. Carbon fiber composites ate also used in various leisure and spotting items such as golf clubs, tennis rackets, and lightweight bicycle frames. However, other types of appHcations and composites ate also entering the marketplace. For example, short ceUulose fiber/mbbet composites ate used for hoses, belting, and pneumatic tire components. 

Cda.rhona.tedBeverages. Tartaric acid has been used like citric acid as an acidulant in carbonated beverages (qv). However, it has almost been completely replaced in the marketplace by less expensive acidulants like phosphoric, citric, mafic, and fumaric acids. 

Work is being done to create uniform standards for exchange of information between analytical iastmmentation and external (host) computers, but the diversity and the competitive nature of the iastmmentation marketplace tend to impede these efforts, leading to an environment of constant change and a need for new and rewritten programs to communicate between LIMS and the automated iastmments. 

World Reserves and Resources. A summary of demonstrated and inferred worldwide reserves of lithium is given in Table 2. The reserve base and the lithium equivalent represent resources in the ground. An overall lithium recoverabiUty of 65% for pegmatites and 33% for brines must be apphed to these values to estabUsh the amount of lithium that could eventually reach the marketplace (15). 

The total world marketplace can vary widely from year to year, however, due to the cyclic nature of the textile and coUateral appHcations which can be sizable but short-lived. Perhaps this is the reason that there are no published estimates for the world market for fluorescent color. Also, competition has forced most producers to develop higher strength fluorescent materials that offer greater color yield and a better money value. This reduces unit volume and, in many cases, doUar sales. 

D. Lowe, "Crisis Management Marketing, Tampering Strategies for International and Domestic Marketplace Terrorism," San Fran. St. Univ. J. 1, (1990). 

This article provides a basic, step-by-step approach to problem solving in the practice and management of patents and trade secrets. The significance of aggressive patent and trade secret protection to the economic well-being of a business or organization should not be underestimated. Without patents and trade secrets, the marketplace is reduced to competition on the basis of price, which may be very difficult. 

A patent also serves a defensive function. It provides the patentee with a partial or total shield that prevents others from patenting inventions which would ultimately restrict the patentee s commercial activity in the marketplace. 

The resulting discoveries may provide a broad range of solutions or products. For example, invention may result from basic research and development efforts directed toward products which ate essential to basic commercial efforts. Alternatively, invention may result in products or appHcations which add value to basic commercial products that ate already in existence. Inventions may also be used to assist an individual or company in commercial efforts toward developing a defensive posture in any given marketplace. When patented, appHcations may also provide an extended opportunity to Hcense or market the patent without the actual production of a product by the inventor. 

Einahy, all data, including the results of the clinical investigation, ate collected in a New Dmg Apphcation (NDA) and sent to the EDA. Once approved, the new dmg goes into production. After manufacturing begins, the new dmg products must be monitored in clinical use in the marketplace for reports of untoward reactions. This amounts to post-approval surveillance known as Phase IV. All such reports must be submitted to the EDA in a timely manner. 

The pharmacist or physician can report any problems experienced with dmg products and medical devices. In cases where the PDA and/or manufacturer finds that a marketed product constitutes an actual or potential threat to the safety and welfare of the pubhc, that product must be withdrawn from the marketplace, ie, recalled. Several classes of recalls exist, depending on the relative danger that the product exhibits. C/ass I dmgs pose a serious health threat and may require withdrawal at the consumer level C/ass II dmgs pose a possible or potential health problem that usually means withdrawal at the pharmacy or wholesaler levels and C/ass III dmgs may present a remote hazard to health and safety. 

Nylon-6,6 and nylon-6 have competed successfully ia the marketplace siace their respective commercial iatroductioas ia 1939 and 1941, and ia the 1990s share, about equally, 90% of the total polyamide market. Their chemical and physical properties are almost identical, as the similarity of their chemical stmcture might suggest the amide functions are oriented ia the same directioa aloag the polymer chain for ayloa-6, but are altematiag ia directioa for ayloa-6,6. 

Nylon-12,12. Nylon-12,12 [36497-34-4] [36348-71-7] was introduced into the marketplace by Du Pont in the late 1980s (174). This polymer possesses very low moisture absorption, high dimensional stabihty, and excellent chemical resistance, with a moderately high melt point (T = 185° C)... 

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