Little Bear

A completely different approach has been taken by Hine, who has considered that the substituent and reaction center are not really distinct, both being substituents in a benzene nucleus, and has then related substituent and reaction constants. Although of considerable theoretical interest, Hine s work has little bearing on practical applications of the Hammett equation since he starts from the premise of unique, single-valued substituent constants. This premise is invalid whether we are utilizing the naive approach with three separate, well-defined sets or the more refined methods with a continuous range of para values. 

The types and quantities of phytochemicals present in foods may have very little bearing on the nutritional quality of these foods and their contribution to human health. This is because ... 

With respect to the UHV-based techniques capable of providing chemical analysis, such as ESCA, AUGER, etc., several such studies have been performed. However, these studies were, by and large, performed on very thick oxide layers, formed after anodic oxidation of the Pt for many hours. Results from these studies thus have little bearing on the nature of the oxides formed on potential cycling. Part of the reason why these studies used such thick films lies in the considerable difficulty of detecting the thin oxide films formed during a potential sweep, even with relatively sensitive techniques. 

A number of medical conditions are associated with high rates of depression (see Table 3.4). In some instances, the distinction between MDD and depression due to a general medical condition is largely academic with little bearing on treatment selection. For example, pancreatic cancer may induce depression directly through the release of tumor-secreted substances however, depression in the pancreatic cancer patient is treated with conventional antidepressant medications. In other cases, the diagnostic distinction bears important treatment implications. One commonly cited example is depression occurring in association with hypothyroidism. Patients with depression and hypothyroidism do not respond to antidepressant treatment alone but require a thyroid hormone supplement. 

Obviously, different system analyses must be applied, or the predictions from the analyses viewed in different ways, to help answer all of the foregoing questions. An analysis which determines which weapons are most effective for a spectrum of military targets probably will have little bearing on how to train gun crews to enhance battlefield effectiveness. Similarly, it is very unlikely that an analysis designed to determine how many rounds are needed to defeat a specific target will answer directly the questions... 

Plasma pantoprazole concentrations decline monophasically after oral administration, with a mean plasma terminal half-life (tj P) of 0.9 to 1.9. Despite the short i r of pantoprazole, inhibition of acid secretion, once accomplished, is long lasting, persisting after the drug has been cleared from the circulation. Thus, the plasma kinetics of pantoprazole have little bearing on its antisecretory action [1],... 

The two standards specify slightly different tests and follow different methodologies. The USP Class VI test method consists of acute systemic (over the tissue), intracutaneous (under the skin), and muscle implantation (in the muscle) tests. Establishing a USP Class VI rating has little bearing on whether the product will win approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The Class VI rating merely states that the products exhibit a low level of toxicity under the test conditions. 

In general, in the early period of production of a fiber, the cost of the original raw material may have had very little bearing on the selling price of the final fiber. A most important factor is the action of the producer s competitors and the conditions of the market and the demand that can be developed. But the complexity of the processes involved in conversion determines the base cost of the fiber at the point of manufacture. As the process becomes older, research reduces this complexity with simplification, there may be rapid drops in plant cost. If demand remains high, such reductions will not be expected to be reflected in selling prices rather, profits are high. As more producers enter the field in order to share in those profits, output capacity surpasses demand, and in accordance with... 

The above parameters define the stoichiometric mechanism of the reaction but have little bearing on its intimate character (137) thus, the participation of the weak acid, AH, rather than its conjugate base. A", in the rate-limiting step of the reaction does not necessarily imply that AH is ligated in the final product. 

What accommodations, then, must be made in the pattern of analysis developed for standard synthetic polypeptides if it is to yield quantitative estimates of partial helical content in proteins The requirements are much the same as those set out for poly-L-lysine (see Section III, G, 3), yet since globular proteins, like copolymers of L-lysine and L-glutamic acid, cannot be made completely helical in aqueous solution, a helical reference conformation must be taken either from other standard molecules or from the nonaqueous behavior of the protein in question. This latter procedure involves solvent changes with little bearing on native conditions and may be impossible to carry out in the face of restraints imposed by proline and cross-links, so that standard helical dispersion can more feasibly serve as this reference conformation. 

We present here a few examples of eryocooler applications to show where microscale heat transfer issues at low temperatures may be of some concern. The overall size of the eryocooler usually has little bearing on whether microscale heat transfer issues are involved. It is the hydraulic diameter that is important in determining microscale effects. Small hydraulic diameters are required for very effeetive heat exehangers, particularly for those used in high frequency regenerative cryocoolers. For... 

It appears, therefore, that chemical structure as such has little bearing on whether or not molecules can be induced to fracture under tensile stress. This is determined rather by the amount of strain that can be imposed before fracture, by temperature and by the physical and morphological characteristics of the material. 

To illustrate, let us assume that a searcher reads that a chemical compoimd has a certain effect on a chromium catalyst. He cannot vouch for the scientific validity of this. However, he can say, assuming the statement to be true, that it has considerable, some, or little bearing on the search objectives. If his task is to locate information pertinent to patent validity, he may say, "This information may anticipate claim 5, U.S. patent. . . . Lawyers later may agree or disagree with his statement, but it has called their attention to the possible usefulness of the reference. Such highlighting is what is meant by saying the search abstract should be interpretive relative to the search objectives. 

As already noted, temperature may be of crucial importance or it may have little bearing at all. In general, it is wise to duplicate crystallization trials and conduct parallel investigations at 4°C and at 25°C. Even if no crystals are observed at either temperature, differences in the solubility behavior of the protein with different precipitants and with various effector molecules, may give some indication as to whether temperature is likely to play an important role. If crystals are observed to grow at one temperature and not, under otherwise identical conditions, at the another, then further refinement of this variable may be justified. This is accomplished by conducting the trials under the previously successful conditions over a range of temperatures centered on the one that initially yielded crystals. 

The many methods to initiate lipid peroxidation in vitro, such as azo initiators, metal ions, pulse radiolysis, photoinitiation (Type I), enzymes (oxidases), to mention a few, have been reviewed . However, as Bucala emphasized in a review ", oxidation initiation is a pivotal first step and there is little understanding of how initiation proceeds in vivo. Transition metal ions, iron or copper, are frequently used to initiate lipid oxidation, but free (unchelated) redox-active transition metals are virtually absent from biological systems" and appear to have little bearing on known pathological processes ". 

Let us then accept that any biosphere will have much the same molecular substrate. The objection could still be raised that this base level of biomolecular commonality has little bearing on the diversification of life. To return to hemerythrin, this protein occurs in animals as diverse as annelids, brachiopods, priapulids, and sipunculans but (so far as we know) it has little, if any, bearing on the diversification of these three sorts of worm and a bivalved animal. Rather, one needs now to sliift perspective to ask to what extent the nexus of evolution is controlled or governed by predeterminants, possible pathways, and incumbencies. Do these undermine, if not negate, any possibility of evolutionary inevitabilities Recall that, from a historical perspective, evolution is faced with repeated decisions based... 

Other than its hydrophobicity, the specific amino acid sequence of a particular helix has little bearing on its function. Thus the first N-termlnal a helix and the subsequent odd-numbered ones function as signal-anchor sequences, whereas the intervening even-numbered helices function as stop-transfer anchor sequences. 

The crystallinity of the cellulose is often quoted as a factor of considerable importance in digestibility but it obviously has little bearing on the susceptibility to attack of the present samples because the crystallinity of cellulose certainly does not decrease as a result of pulping if anything, it increases. Similarly, never-dried and dried and reswollen pulps have very similar crystallinities but very different digestibilities. 

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