Market introduction of new chemicals

EPA s D.G. Bannerman reviewed these impacts on the market introduction of new chemicals. He summarized EPA s experience and analyzed the classes and types of new chemicals, company size, market areas, and, among other data, the number of notified chemicals actually reported to be commercialized. He stressed a new joint industry-EPA program to assist the smaller chemical companies to comply with TSCA, especially with premanufacturing notification. This will minimize negative impacts on product innovation without reducing the effectiveness of EPA s assessment of risks of new chemicals. 

The success rate in the pharmaceuticals industry and the introduction of new chemical entities to the market per year dropped dramatically, whereas the development time for new compounds increased, sometimes exceeding the patent protection. 

On Table I is a list of the major end uses for the new chemicals submitted up through the end of 1981. Intermediates in the manufacture of other chemicals, polymers for a variety of end uses but mainly for paints and coatings, and additives such as flame retardants, plasticizers and antioxidants for plastics account for over half of all the uses of these new chemicals. These seven major categories in total represent slightly over three fourths of all projected uses. One would suspect that this pattern will change with market demand and competitive developments and a year from now we might see intense R D activity in some other specific market areas culminate in the introduction of a line of new chemical substances. 

This type of constructive impact of TSCA was viewed somewhat differently by Exxon Chemical Company s C.W. Umland. His review of nearly three years of premanufacturing notification cited evidence which suggests substantial disruption of new chemical development and introduction to the market. This disruption was traced to higher research and development costs at an economically vulnerable point in the life cycle of innovative products. A more appropriate balance between opportunity for economic viability and protection from unreasonable... 

Within the past ten years, the market introduction of several new types of fungicides has significantly improved the prospects of controlling the Oomycetes. They belong to five different chemical classes the carbamates, the isoxazoles, the cyanoacetamide oximes, the etheyl phosphonates, and the acylalanines and related compounds. The chemical structures of those chemicals that have reached the commercial level are shown in Figures 3-5 (29, revised). Trade names, formulations and first reports are summarized in Table II (29, revised). The biological characteristics of these new fungicides and their impact on disease control have been reviewed by several authors (10, 16, 27, 28, 29, 33). 

In addition, a more efficient primary drug screening and hit validation is necessary to minimize the costs. In total, for the discovery, development and the introduction of a new drug to the market including the costs for discontinued development projects about 300 to 500 million have to be estimated [350]. On the other hand, the number of new chemical entities (NCE, ca. 50 per year) is nearly constant since 1983 while the costs increased more than three times [351]. 

This point evidences the slow turnover in changing technologies to more sustainable ones, even in the case of evident economic advantages. When these aspects are less relevant, such as in the case of the process cited above of isobutane alkylation, the turnover is even lower. In the field of fine and spedalty chemicals production, where the fixed costs are much lower, the rate of introduction of the novel, more sustainable processes, could be faster, but it is contrasted with the lower economic incentives, due to lower production volumes. In refinery/base petrochemistry, the product volumes justify the introduction of new processes, but the problem instead is the large cost of construction (and sometimes also revamping) of the plants in a period where uncertain economics, due to a global market, disincentives new investments. This is the dilemma for sustainable chemical processes. 

This chapter identifies socioeconomic benefits in major electrochemical market sectors, both present and future. These sectors include energy, industry, national security, and health, among others. The domestic economic contribution, excluding costs of corrosion, approaches 30 billion per year, or about three-fourths of 1 percent of the gross national product (which amounted to 3800 billion in 1984). Within a decade, substantially greater sales are projected for batteries, fuel cells, semiconductors, sensors, corrosion control, and membranes. In addition, introduction of new technology could slow the loss of major markets in electrochemical production of metals and chemicals and in electroplating. 

Protective patents on several of the present major insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides will expire during the 1970 s. Since these products will become commodities, it can be assumed that some domestic as well as foreign producers, who have a good raw material and manufacturing position, will offer them in an already-established domestic market. This situation could give rise to a weakening of prices and a subsequent strain on profits. Also, it could have some influence on the development and introduction of new patent protected chemicals. 

The introduction of new fire safety standards and environmental regulations will mean a period of growth for the FR chemicals market and affect industries such as constmction, electronics and transport. 

In addition to the application as plastics, PHA can also be a potential source of chiral hydroxy acid feedstock for the fine chemical industry. In contrast to the introduction of new polymers, the PHA hydroxy acids and the related derivatives can be readily integrated into existing fine chemical markets. 

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