Marine sediments determination

Kvenvolden KA, Peterson E, Wehmiller J, Hare PE (1973) Racemization of amino acids in marine sediments determined by gas chromatography. Geochim Cosmochim Acta... 

The carbonate system plays a pivotal role in most global cycles. For example, gas exchange of CO2 is the exchange mechanism between the ocean and atmosphere. In the deep sea, the concentration of COi ion determines the depth at which CaCOs is preserved in marine sediments. 

The presence of metabolites determined from laboratory experiments of degradation pathways. Examples inclnde (a) di-dihydrodiols of PAHs in a marine sediment (Li et al. 1996) and naphthalene in leachate from a contaminated site (Wilson and Madsen 1996),... 

Schantz mm, Benner BA Jr, Chesler SN, Koster BJ, Hbhn KE, Stone SF, Kelly WR, Zeisler R, Wise SA (1990) Preparation and analysis of a marine sediment reference material for the determination of trace organic constituents. Fresenius J Anal Chem 338 501-514. 

Sim PG, Boyd RK, Gershey RM, Gueveemont R, Jamieson WD, Qdilliam MA, and Geegely RJ (1987) A comparison of chromatographic and chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments. Biomed Environ Mass Spectrosc 14 375-381. 

DE Boer J, van der Meer J, Brinkman UATh (1996) Determination of chlorobiphenyls in seal blubber, marine sediment, and fish interlaboratory study. ( Assoc Off Anal Chem 79 83-96. 

Shaw TJ, Francois R (1991) A fast and sensitive ICP-MS assay for the determination of °Th in marine sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 55 2075-2078... 

Pavlou, S.P (1987) The use of equilibrium partition approach in determining safe levels of contaminants in marine sediments, p. 388 -12. In Fate and Effects of Sediments-Bound Chemicals in Aquatic Systems. Dickson, K.L., Maki, A.W., Brungs, W.A., Editors. Proceedings of the Sixth Pellston Workshop, Florissant, Colorado, August 12-17,1984. SETAC Special Publ. Series, Ward, C.H., Walton, B.T., Eds., Pergamon Press, N.Y. 

Marquis and Lebel [534] precipitated potassium from seawater or marine sediment pore water using sodium tetraphenylborate, after first removing halogen ions with silver nitrate. Excess tetraphenylborate was then determined by silver nitrate titration using a silver electrode for endpoint detection. The content of potassium in the sample was obtained from the difference between the amount of tetraphenyl boron measured and the amount initially added. 

Koide et al. [537] have described a graphite furnace atomic absorption method for the determination of rhenium at picomolar levels in seawater and parts-per-billion levels in marine sediments, based upon the isolation of heptavalent rhenium species upon anion exchange resins. All steps are followed with 186-rhenium as a yield tracer. A crucial part of the procedure is the separation of rhenium from molybdenum, which significantly interferes with the graphite furnace detection when the Mo Re ratio is 2 or greater. The separation is accomplished through an extraction of tetraphenylarsonium perrhenate into chloroform, in which the molybdenum remains in the aqueous phase. 

Kiba et al. [93] has described a method for determining this element in marine sediments. The sample is heated with a mixture of potassium dichromate and condensed phosphoric acid (prepared by dehydrating phosphoric acid at 300 °C). The ruthenium is distilled off as RuC>4, collected in 6 M hydrochloric acid-ethanol and determined spectrophotometrically (with thiourea) or radiometrically. Osmium is separated by prior distillation with a mixture of condensed phosphoric acid and Ce(S04)2. In the separation of ruthenium-osmium mixtures recovery of each element ranged from 96.8 to 105.0%. 

Chassery et al. [97] studied the 87Sr/86Br composition in marine sediments, observing excellent agreement between results obtained by ICP-MS and thermal ionisation mass spectrometry. Low level a-spectrometry with lithium drifted germanium detectors has been used to determine 90strontium in seawater [59]. 

Shea and MacCrehan [322] and Duane and Stock [323] determined hydrophilic thiols in marine sediment pore waters using ion-pair chromatography coupled to electrochemical detection. 

Pedensen-Bjergaard et al. [364] compared three different methods (GC-ECD, GC-MS, GC-AED) for the determination of polychlorobiphenyls in highly contaminated marine sediments. 

An alternative method for the determination of particulate organic carbon in marine sediments is based on oxidation with potassium persulfate followed by measurement of carbon dioxide by a Carlo Erba non-dispersive infrared analyser [152,153]. This procedure has been applied to estuarine and high-carbonate oceanic sediments, and results compared with those obtained by a high-temperature combustion method. 

After a complex digestion process for slurries of marine sediments, the determination of Pb was carried out by ETAAS, using Pd and magnesium nitrate as chemical modifiers LOD 0.22 pg/L, RSD 5% at 400 pg Pb/g36. 

Tin concentrations in algae collected near the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Calif, and in coastal marine sediments from Narragansett Bay, USA, were determined by Hodge and coworkers42. Tin concentrations of the blades of Pelagophycus porra, Macrocystis pyrifera and Eisenia arborea were 0.71 0.01, 0.83 0.01 and 1.06 0.02 i-gSng 1 dry wt., respectively. Tin concentrations in the core of sediments are shown in Table 8. 

This book is concerned with a discussion of methods currently available in the world literature up to 1998 for the determination of organic substances in soils, river and marine sediments and industrial sludges. 

Interlocutory, comparisons have been performed on the determination of selected trace aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments [25-27],... 

Whittle [29] has described a thin-layer chromatographic method for the identification of hydrocarbon marker dyes in oil polluted waters. McLeod et al. [25] conducted interlaboratory comparisons of methods for determining traces of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments. Agreement within a factor of 2 to 3 was obtained between the 12 participating laboratories. 

Krahn et al. [39] have described a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of 127 aromatic hydrocarbons and 21 chlorinated hydrocarbons in solvent extracts of marine sediments. 

Hennig [40] has applied ultraviolet spectroscopy to the determination of aromatic constituents of residual fuel oil in hexane extracts of marine sediment samples. Examination of the ultraviolet spectra of samples of an oil pollutant from a beach and crude oil, at various concentrations, revealed strong absorption maxima at approximately 228nm and 256nm. The ratio of the peak heights at these wavelengths is constant for a particular oil, and is independent of concentration. These permit quantitative analysis of sediment samples many months after an oil spill. 

Dunn and Stich [78] and Dunn [79] have described a monitoring procedure for polyaromatic hydrocarbons, particularly benzo[a]pyrene in marine sediments. The procedures involve extraction and purification of hydrocarbon fractions from the sediments and determination of compounds by thin layer chromatography and fluorometry, or gas chromatography. In this procedure, the sediment was refluxed with ethanolic potassium hydroxide, then filtered and the filtrate extracted with isooctane. The isooctane extract was cleaned up on a florisil column, then the polyaromatic hydrocarbons were extracted from the isoactive extract with pure dimethyl sulphoxide. The latter phase was contacted with water, then extracted with isooctane to recover polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The overall recovery of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in this extract by fluorescence spectroscopy was 50-70%. 

Fernandez et al. [9] used supercritical fluid extraction combined with ion pair liquid chromatography to determine quaternary ammonium in digested sludges and marine sediments. Carbon dioxide modified with 30% methanol was used as the extractant at an operating pressure of 380atm. Between 0.2 and 3.7g kg-1 surfactant was found in Swiss works effluent sludges, determined with a relative standard deviation of 7%. 

Gron [23] has reviewed methods for the determination of halogenated organic compounds (adsorbable, volatile and extractable), with particular reference to their applicability to wastewaters and marine samples (marine sediments and marine organisms). Typical analytical results for marine... 

Xie [39] determined trace amounts of chlorophenols and chloroguaiacols in marine sediments collected off the Swedish coast. The compounds were desorbed from sediment surfaces by a mixture of acetic anhydride and hexane, after buffering with O.lmol L 1 sodium carbonate. The optimal pH was achieved by a 1 4 ratio of buffer to acetic anhydride. The acetylated extracts were analysed by glass capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The recoveries, at the pg kg-1 level, ranged from 85-100% with standard deviations of 4-11%. 

Three different detection methods (gas chromatography with electron capture, mass spectrometric and atomic emission detectors) have been compared for the determination of polychlorobiphenyls in highly contaminated marine sediments [74], Only atomic emission detection in the chlorine-selective mode provided excellent polychlorobiphenyl profiles without interferences. However, the lower sensitivity of the atomic emission detector, compared to the other two detectors required a 10 to 20g sample size for most analyses. 

Kido et al. [6] determined basic organic compounds such as quinoline, acridine, aza-fluorene, and their N-oxides in marine sediments found in an industrial area. The sediments were extracted with benzene by using a continuous extractor for 12h. Hydrochloric acid solution (IN) was added to the benzene extracts, and the mixture was shaken for 5min the acid layer separated from the benzene layer was made alkaline by the addition of sodium hydroxide, and the alkaline aqueous solution was extracted with diethyl ether the ether extracts were then dehydrated with anhydrous sodium sulphate and concentrated with a Kuderna-Danish evaporator. The concentrations were separated and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. 

Jensen et al. [53] have described a method applicable to marine sediments for the determination of polychlorobiphenyls and organochlorine... 

Kiss [8] examined various techniques for the efficient separation and preconcentration of boron from marine sediments. Alkaline fusion with potassium carbonate was used to render boron reactive, even in the most resistant silicate minerals. Fusion cakes were extracted with water and borate was isolated by Amberlite XE-243 boron-selective resin. Borate was determined spectrophotometrically, following elution with 2 mol L 1 hydrochloric acid. Either the carminic acid complex (620nm), formed in sulphuric acid (94%) or sulphuric acetic acid (1 4), or the azomethine hydrogen ion association complex (415nm) formed at pH5.2, were used for borate measurement. 

Chen et al. [Ill] extracted elemental sulphur from marine sediments with aromatic solvents and determined sulphur in the extract by gas chromatography. 

Morse and Cornwell [112] investigated methods for determining acid volatile sulphides and pyrites in marine sediments from several typical... 

Siu et al. [131] derivitized and determined arsenic in marine sediments using electron capture gas chromatography. 

All four dissolution procedures studied were found to be suitable for arsenic determinations in biological marine samples, but only one (potassium hydroxide fusion) yielded accurate results for antimony in marine sediments and only two (sodium hydroxide fusion or a nitricperchloric-hydrofluoric acid digestion in sealed Teflon vessels) were appropriate for determination of selenium in marine sediments. Thus, the development of a single procedure for the simultaneous determination of arsenic, antimony and selenium (and perhaps other hydride-forming elements) in marine materials by hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry requires careful consideration not only of the oxidation-reduction chemistry of these elements and its influence on the hydride generation process but also of the chemistry of dissolution of these elements. 

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