Investigations methods

The loading steps were created by prestraining the bolts. Comparison of the different investigating methods was executed at the various loading steps for the given bolts. 

Numerous other methods have been used to predict properties of gases and Hquids. These include group contribution, reference substance, approaches, and many others. However, corresponding states theory has been one of the most thoroughly investigated methods and has become an important basis for the development of correlation and property estimation techniques. The methods derived from the corresponding states theory for Hquid and gas property estimation have proved invaluable for work such as process and equipment design. 

RMC can be selectively extracted into butyl acetate. Concentration coefficient 50 was achieved. Factors affecting accuracy and reproducibility of the proposed method were investigated. Method is simple and fast. Detection limit is 0,3 p.g/1 for P(V). 

In addition to incident reporting systems, root cause analysis techniques can be used to evaluate the causes of serious incidents where resources are usually available for in-depth investigations. A practical example of root cause investigation methods is provided in Chapter 7. 

The STEP procedure, described by Hendrick and Benner (1987), was developed from a research program on incident investigation methods. STEP is based on the mulHple events sequence method and is an investigative process which structures data collection, representation, and analysis. 

Consideration of how formal data collection incident investigation methods are to be introduced into a plant in order to ensure acceptance and long-term support by the workforce... 

Untersuchungs-arbeit, /. research work, -chemiker, m. research chemist, -labora-torium, n. research laboratory, -material, n. material for investigation or under investigation. -methode, /. investigational method, research method, -mittel, n. means of research or examination indicator, -raum, m. laboratory, -richtung, /. line or direction of investigation. 

The values of the amorphous orientation index in the form of Hermans function of orientation if a), determined by the authors for PET fibers are listed in Table 6. The differences in the values of fa quoted in Table 6 and referring to particular investigation methods can result from the fact that in some methods the orientation of the amorphous and mesophase are considered jointly. Consequently, in such a case the values of fa will be overrated. 

These remarks apply as well to the treatment of the surfaces of specimens to be used in tests in corrosion research projects, except here selection of a particular method of surface preparation is required so as to achieve reproducibility of results from test to test and amongst different investigators. Methods of preparing specimens are described in ASTM Gl 1988 and ISO 7539-1 1987. 

Molten salt investigation methods can be divided into two classes thermodynamic and kinetic. In some cases, the analysis of melting diagrams and isotherms of physical-chemical properties such as density, surface tension, viscosity and electroconductivity enables the determination of the ionic composition of the melt. Direct investigation of the complex structure is performed using spectral methods [294]. 

The abbreviations for the investigation methods are also taken from the nomenclature of Sillen and Martel 1 (76) aiex = anion exchange cal = calorimetry ciex = cation exchange dis = distribution between two phases est = estimate red = e.m.f. with redox electrode sp = spectrophotometry. Our selected data, rather limited in number, arise from the present status of the IAEA assessment of inorganic complexes of the actinides (12). 

The main investigation methods, to give information about structure and bonding in the halophosphates, are vibrational and NMR spectroscopy, which give a fairly complete picture. Up to now, X-ray studies are restricted to a few examples only indirectly they are of some importance in the discussion, especially of infrared and Raman spectra however. In some cases indirect information has been instructive, e.g. Mossbauer spectra of iron and tin halophosphates, so that these measurement shall be mentioned too. 

Middendorf, B., J. J. Hughes, K. Callebaut, G. Baronio, and I. Papayianni (2005), Investigative methods for the characterization of historic mortars, Mater. Struct. 38, Part 1 Mineralogical Characterization, 761-769 Part 2 Chemical Characterization, 771-780. 

The important concept of layered investigations is emphasized by T. Kletz.1 It is a technique that significantly improves the commonly used older methods. Older investigation methods identified only the relatively obvious causes of an accident. Their evidence supported their conclusions, and one or two technical recommendations resulted. According to Kletz, this older method developed recommendations that were relatively superficial. Unfortunately, most accidents are investigated in this style. 

Morse and Cornwell [112] investigated methods for determining acid volatile sulphides and pyrites in marine sediments from several typical... 

Reference Method Thoroughly investigated method, clearly and exactly describing the necessary conditions and procedures for the measurement of one or more property values that has been shown to have accuracy and precision commensurate with its intended use and that can therefore be used to assess the accuracy of other methods for the same measurement, particularly in permitting the characterization of a reference material. 

The environmental site characterization approved by the Italian Environment Ministry involved indirect investigation methods serving to focus and minimize the direct investigations. The site investigations comprised ... 

Preservation, transport and storage of samples Investigation methods for soils, soil material and other materials Selection and pretreatment of samples Extraction and elution techniques (Table 4)... 

CHECKLISTS - Root cause investigation methods often include a set of integrated and comprehensive checklists (or accompanying reference documents) to ensure that common generic causes and issues are considered. 

At least one team member must be a competent facilitator for the particular investigative method the team will use. This person does not necessarily need to be the team leader. 

If the deductive process has stalled and no further progress seems possible or likely, then the iterative loop calls for application of inductive investigation methods such as a checklist or HAZOP. The inductive methods may also benefit from use of the fact/hypothesis matrix tool described in this chapter. 

A description of investigative methods and approaches used A glossary of terms and acronyms A bibliography Log sheets Computer printouts... 

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