Hydrochloric acid in solution

If ferric hydroxide be prepared by the hydrolysis of ferric chloride the resulting colloid contains chlorine ions which can be replaced by more readily adsorbable picrate or eosinate ions leaving hydrochloric acid in solution. 

Titanium forms three series of salts in which the element is respectively tetra-, tri-, and mono-valent. Thus, titanium and chlorine form titanium tetrachloride, TiCl4, titanium trichloride, TiCl3, and titanium monochloride, TiCl. The two last are unstable and readily pass into the higher chloride. Titanium tetrachloride shows a marked resemblance to tin tetrachloride it unites easily with hydrochloric acid in solution, with formation of the complex acid, ehloro-titanic acid, [TiCl6]tI2, and forms many crystalline products with other chlorides. It also unites with ammonia, forming ammines. 

To determine the theoretical decomposition voltage of hydrochloric acid in solution with molal concentration m = l at a pressure of 1 atm. and temperature 25 °C with y i, = 0.811, the same procedure will be used ... 

Both neutralizers are injected in the fractionator overhead line in order to be present when the dew point of hydrochloric acid in solution is reached. It is important to use a quill to inject neutralizers or inhibitors because drip injection can cause dissolution of the protective scale on the inside of the pipe, which can result in corrosion and erosion in that area. Often, however, neutralization is not accomplished, and severe corrosion from hydrochloric acid still occurs at the dew point. The pH is controlled at the overhead receiver water draw because dew point pH measurement is not feasible. One method of controlling the dew point pH is to recycle water from the drum to the overhead line. This water buffers the condensate at the hydrochloric acid dew point and also provides water in which the ammonia can dissolve. 

Tetrakishydroxymethylphosphonium chloride is obtained by the action of phosphine on formaldehyde and hydrochloric acid in solution ... 

Fig. 9. The Activity Coefficients of 0.01 Molal Hydrochloric Acid in Solutions of the Alkali Halides at 2 ...

Hydrochloric acid in solution donates a proton to the solvent water thus behaving as a Bronsted-Lowry acid ... 

For the recognition of hydrochloric acid in solution two independent tests are necessary. The solution must be shown to contain an acid and also a chloride. Many substances are acids, many other substances are chlorides, hydrochloric acid alone is at the same time both an acid and a chloride. 

The percentages by weight of hydrochloric acid in solutions of different densities are as follows density 1.17, 33.5 per cent 1.18, 35.4 per cent 1.19, 37.2 per cent. (3) What percentage of hydrochloric acid did your solution contain (4) How many grams of the pure compound were contained in the solution you weighed out ... 

Hydrochloric acid, HCl, an inorganic acid, is a colorless or slightly yellow, fnming, pnngent liquid produced by dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water. Hydrochloric acid in solution has a pH of 1.1. The specific gravity is 1.19, which... 

Because there are tu>o ions, the partial pressure varies as the square of the concentration, or mole fraction, of the hydrochloric acid in solution. 

By analogy, ammonium salts should behave as acids in liquid ammonia, since they produce the cation NH4 (the solvo-cation ), and soluble inorganic amides (for example KNHj, ionic) should act as bases. This idea is borne out by experiment ammonium salts in liquid ammonia react with certain metals and hydrogen is given off. The neutralisation of an ionic amide solution by a solution of an ammonium salt in liquid ammonia can be carried out and followed by an indicator or by the change in the potential of an electrode, just like the reaction of sodium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid in water. The only notable difference is that the salt formed in liquid ammonia is usually insoluble and therefore precipitates. 

Dissolve 2 g. of anhydrous sodium carbonate in 50 ml. of water contained in a 400 ml. beaker and add 7 g. of finely powdered crystalline sulphanilic acid (2H2O), warming the mixture gently in order to obtain a clear solution. Add a solution of 2 2 g. of sodium nitrite in 10 ml. of water and then cool the mixture in ice-water until the temperature has fallen to 5°. Now add very slowly (drop by drop) with continual stirring a solution of 8 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid in 15 ml. of water do not allow the temperature to rise above 10°. When all the acid has been added, allow the solution to stand in ice-water for 15 minutes to ensure complete diazotisation during this period fine crystals of the internal salt separate from the pink solution. Dissolve 4 ml. of dimethylaniline in a mixture of 4 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 10 ml. of water, cool the solution in ice-water, and add it slowly to the cold well-stirred diazo solution a pale red coloration is developed. Allow the mixture to stand for 5 minutes and then add slowly with stirring aqueous... 

Reduction of A-nitrosomethylaniline. Into a 1 litre round-bottomed flask, fitted with a reflux condenser, place 39 g. of A-nitroso-methylaniline and 75 g. of granulated tin. Add 150 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid in portions of 25 ml. (compare Section IV.34) do not add the second portion until the vigorous action produced by the previous portion has subsided, etc. Heat the reaction mixture on a water bath for 45 minutes, and allow to cool. Add cautiously a solution of 135 g. of sodium hydroxide in 175 ml. of water, and steam distil (see Fig. II, 40, 1) collect about 500 ml. of distillate. Saturate the solution with salt, separate the organic layer, extract the aqueous layer with 50 ml. of ether and combine the extract with the organic layer. Dry with anhydrous potassium carbonate, remove the ether on a water bath (compare Fig. II, 13, 4), and distil the residual liquid using an air bath (Fig. II, 5, 3). Collect the pure methylaniline at 193-194° as a colourless liquid. The yield is 23 g. 

Method A. Cool a solution of the nitrate-free dichloride, prepared from or equivalent to 5 0 g. of palladium or platinum, in 50 ml. of water and 5 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid in a freezing mixture, and treat it with 50 ml. of formahn (40 per cent, formaldehyde) and 11 g. of the carrier (charcoal or asbestos). Stir the mixture mechanically and add a solution of 50 g. of potassium hydroxide in 50 ml. of water, keeping the temperature below 5°. When the addition is complete, raise the temperature to 60° for 15 minutes. Wash the catalyst thoroughly by decantation with water and finally with dilute acetic acid, collect on a suction filter, and wash with hot water until free from chloride or alkali. Dry at 100° and store in a desiccator. 

CHLOROTHlAZOLE DERIVATIVES FROM a-THIOCYANATO-KETONES AND DRY HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN ETHEREAL SOLUTION... 

The raw precious metal concentrate is totally dissolved in hydrochloric acid—chlorine solution to form the soluble chloride ions of each of the metals. Silver remains as insoluble silver chloride and can be filtered off. Gold, in the form of [AuClJ, is extracted with, eg, tributyl phosphite or methyl isobutyl ketone. Base metals are also extracted in this step, and are removed from the organic phase by scmbbing with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl). Iron powder is then used to reduce the gold species and recover them from the organic phase. 

Ash is a measure of residual sodium acetate. A simple method consists of dissolving the PVA in water, diluting to a known concentration of about 0.5 wt %, and measuring the electrical conductivity of the solution at 30°C. The amount of sodium acetate is estabUshed by comparing the result to a cahbration curve. A more lengthy method involves the extraction of the PVA with methanol using a Soxhlet extractor. The methanol is evaporated and water is added. The solution is titrated using hydrochloric acid in order to determine the amount of sodium acetate. 

Zirconium hydroxy oxychloride [18428-88-17, nominally ZrO(OH)Cl, is produced by dissolving hydrous zirconia in hydrochloric acid in an equal molar proportion, and is available only in solution. Other oxychlorides with Cl Zr ratios <2 are discussed in Reference 199. 

A mixture of 66.5 g. (0.5 mole) of tetrahydroquinoline and 400 g. of trimethylene chlorobromide (Note 1) is placed in a 1-1. round-bottomed flask attached to a reflux condenser, and heated in an oil bath held at 150-160° for 20 hours (Note 2). The reaction mixture is cooled, a solution of 50 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid in 500 ml. of water is added, and the excess trimethylene chlorobromide is removed by distillation with steam (Note 3). The acid residue from the steam distillation is made alkaline with a 40% solution of sodium hydroxide (about 75 ml.), and the julolidine is extracted with two 150-ml. portions of ether. The ethereal solution is washed with ISO ml. of water and dried over sodium hydroxide pellets. The ether is evaporated and the residue distilled under reduced pressure. The portion that boils at 105-110°/ mm. is collected (Notes 4 and 5). The yield is 67-70 g. (77-81%). 

Although this material is suitable for most purposes, it may be purified further in the following manner. It is dissolved by heating in a solution of 2 g. of stannous chloride and 2 cc. of concentrated hydrochloric acid in i 1. of water, and the hot solution is clarified by filtration through a 5-mm. mat of decolorizing carbon (Note g). The yellow or red color which may develop disappears on reheating to the boiling point. After the addition of 100 cc. of concentrated hydrochloric acid the solution is allowed to cool in an ice bath, treated with a second roo cc. of acid, cooled to 0°, and collected and washed as befor The ciystalline product is colorless, ash-free, and of analytical purity. The loss in the crystallization of an 80-g. lot amounts to 5-10 g. (6-12 per cent). 

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