Marine sediment samples

Hennig [40] has applied ultraviolet spectroscopy to the determination of aromatic constituents of residual fuel oil in hexane extracts of marine sediment samples. Examination of the ultraviolet spectra of samples of an oil pollutant from a beach and crude oil, at various concentrations, revealed strong absorption maxima at approximately 228nm and 256nm. The ratio of the peak heights at these wavelengths is constant for a particular oil, and is independent of concentration. These permit quantitative analysis of sediment samples many months after an oil spill. 

Lee [2] using a hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometric method has investigated the bioaccumulation of bismuth on marine sediment samples collected in Narragensett Bay and the North Pacific Ocean. 

Even though the relative distribution remains constant, the total level of PAH decreases dramatically with distance from urban centers. Figure 4 shows a plot of the total PAH abundance in five marine sediment samples taken from Massachusetts Bay as a function of distance from Boston (10). One can see that there is a three order of magnitude decrease in the total abundance of PAH within 100 kilometers of Boston. At that point, the total PAH level is about 100 ppb remarkably, this is what we see in almost all other remote samples. 

PBDEs have been studied in river, lake, and marine sediment samples all over the world, and the concentration of the EPBDE and BDE-209 are dependent on the sampling locations. In Europe, the highest BDE-209 concentration was found in the River Mersey, UK (at 1700 ng/g) [49]. At the other end of the scale, a sediment core taken from Drammenfjord in 1999 near Oslo, Norway [52] showed a total surficial PBDE concentration of 3.1 ng/g, which is lower than the total PBDE concentrations measured in all of the Great Lakes, even in Lake Superior. Incidentally, globally, the highest BDE-209 level (at 6000 ng/g) was found in estuarine sediment from the Kansai re-... 

Heemken et al. [90] compared ASE and SFE with Soxhlet, sonication, and methanolic saponificaion extraction (MSE) for the extraction of PAHs, aliphatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons from a certified marine sediment samples, and four suspended particulate matter (SPM) samples. Average PAH recovery in three different samples using SFE was between 96 and 105% of that by Soxhlet, sonication, and MSE for ASE the recovery was between 97 and 108%. Compared to the certified values of sediment HS-6, the average recoveries of SFE and ASE were 87 and 88% for most compounds the results were within the limits of confidence. For alkanes, SFE recovery was between 93 and 115%, and ASE recovery was between 94 and 107% of that by Soxhlet, sonication, and MSE. While the natural water content of the SPM sample (56%) led to insufficient recovery by ASE and SFE, quantitative extractions were achieved in SFE after addition of anhydrous sodium sulfate to the sample. 

Figure 9.3. Location of marine sediment sampling area at Ross Sea (HI) during the 1990-1991 Italian expedition in Antarctica.

Since PCBs are generally adsorbed on the particle surface, the concentration in sediment and soil samples is much more likely to be related to the particle surface area per volume unit than to the mass unit (16). For this reason, the concentration of each sample, expressed in pg g (dry weight), was normalized by dividing it by the relevant CS, expressed in square meters of surface per cubic centimetre of dry sample (m cm ), as obtained by particle size analysis (5). Table 9.9 shows the normalized mean concentration of the seven selected congeners along with the total and the normalized total mean PCB concentration. In this case, the calculated value of the total PCB content was very close to the experimental one (the difference was always lower than 10%). Table 9.10 shows the total mean PCB concentration and the normalized mean PCB concentration for each matrix analysed. In four stations where marine sediments were collected at different depths, a concentration of about 100-200 (pg g )/(m cm ) was generally observed in a surface layer of about 10-15 cm, while in deeper layers PCBs were below the LoDs. These results show that the normalized total mean PCB content in marine sediment samples was 150 (pg g )/(m cm ) and did not show any significant difference from open sea to the coastal line. Lake sediment and soil samples showed a normalised total mean PCB content of 240 and 130 (pg g )/(m cm ) which did... 

Screening of estuarine and marine sediment samples by automated pyrolysis mass spectrometry combined with factor-discriminant analysis leads to a useful classification related to the geographical position and the sources of the organic matter. The mass spectral data give preliminary information about the organic matter composition. Analysis of the characteristic mass peaks m/z=86 and 100 by PMSMS and PGCMS points to bacterial poly-alkanoates in the mud fraction of the river sediments. 

The formation of ketonic and quinonoid derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons during combustion (Alsberg et al. 1985 Levsen 1988). The environmental distribution of benzanthrone and related compounds such as benzo c,d ] py rene-6-one and cyclo pen ta dtf phenan-threne-4-one has been reviewed (Spitzer and Takeuchi 1995), and such transformation products have been identified in, for example, marine sediment samples (Fernandez et al. 1992), fish from a contaminated river (Vassilaros et al. 1982), and urban aerosols (Galceran et al. 1995 Allen et al. 1997). 

A nalytical determinations of the quantities and types of pollutant hydro-carbons entering the marine environment are essential for an understanding of the fate and effects of these compounds in marine systems. Since substantial amounts of these hydrocarbon compounds are deposited in marine sediments, research studies have examined the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other petroleum hydrocarbons in marine sediment samples. 

Most university and government laboratory investigators obtain marine sediment samples in plastic liners within a metal core barrel. The plastic used is typically cellulose... 

Triulzi, C. 1973. Analyses of U and Th in marine sediment samples by different methods. Thalassia JugosL 9(1/2) 119-125. 

Stepnowski may have first measured both the adsorption and desorption of ionic liquids with soil and sediment samples. Working with 1-hexyl, 1-amyl, 1-butyl, and 1-propyl-3-mefliylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and l-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium tetrafluorobo-rate, adsorption by two unidentified soil samples, peat, and a marine sediment sample collected in Poland was found to conform to the Freundlich equation ... 

The values for n-alkanes from river and marine sediment samples are shown in Figure 8C. They exhibit approximately constant values between -28 and -30%o at low carbon number, consistent with a mked algal/bacterial source, decreasing to variably lower values with increasing carbon number. The values for n-alkanes from RIV-NF (non-forested catchment) are consistently higher than for the same n-alkane in RIV-F (forested catchment), as expected from the bulk values of the samples, and consistent with the higher proportion of C4 biomass in the non-forested catchment. 

The marine sediment samples have n-alkane values which are slightly higher than the sample from the forested catchment (RIV-F) at high carbon numbers, tending to progressively higher values at lower caihon numbers. The amount-weighted mean value of the odd-numbered n-alkanes at carbon... 

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