Management Framework

The above description of eutrophication has illustrated the complex nature of the problem, particularly in relation to the influence of nutrients, the multiplicity of sources of phosphorus and the spectrum of its bio-availability. Clearly, the most effective long-term solution to many of our eutrophication problems will be to reduce the nutrient load to affected waters. However, it has also been shown that, because the concentrations of available phosphorus required to impose a control on primary production is very low (e.g. 5-10/rgU total dissolved phosphorus), the reduction of nutrients from any one source alone is unlikely to be effective. 

In order to provide a realistic approach to eutrophication control, the NRA has developed a framework for gathering the scientific evidence and for presenting the relevant information needed for consultation with all parties involved in resolving the problems. This framework includes the production of Action plans for each water on a case by case basis. The principal reason for using this approach is because the NRA is attempting to persuade external 

Harper, Eutrophication of Freshwaters, Chapman and Hall, London, 1992, ch. 8, p. 251. 

In the first stages of the development of an Action plan all control options are considered. In the case of lakes, this process is aided by a PC-based expert system , PACGAP, which looks at the physical and chemical characteristics of the lake to determine the most likely option for control. Once further, more detailed information has been collected on the lake s nutrient inputs and other controlling factors, amore complex interactive model can be used (Phytoplankton Response To Environmental CHange, PROTECH-2) to define the efficacy of proposed control options more accurately. This model is able to predict the development of phytoplankton species populations under different nutrient and stratification regimes. 

The Action plans will also include options for controlling nutrient inputs in the upstream catchments of affected stillwaters. These are likely to include reduction of nutrients from both point and diffuse sources and a range of different combinations aimed at reaching the target concentrations of nutrients required to achieve control in the receiving waters. 

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In the second case study, variation tree analysis and the events and causal factors chart/root cause analysis method are applied to an incident in a resin plant. This case study illustrates the application of retrospective analysis methods to identify the imderlying causes of an incident and to prescribe remedial actions. This approach is one of the recommended strategies in the overall error management framework described in Chapter 8. 

On the other hand, Palma de Mallorca is also a successful example of urban water reuse within an integrated water management framework. Since the end of the nineties, tertiary treated (coagulation, flocculation, sand filtration and gaseous chloride disinfection) water is used for public parks, landscape and golf courses irrigation. About 7 Mm year are currently used, thus saving equal amounts of potable water. This is the most efficient water reuse apphcation in Palma. 

The link between the ecological/ecotoxicological risk assessment and the risk management frameworks is demonstrated. The ecological risk assessment consists of seven interactive elements (Fig. 17). The quantitative and descriptive science used to conduct ERA (Table 5) does not answer, in a direct way, the question of what should be done to manage the risk. Science determines adversity, but the public determines acceptability (Fig. 18). But acceptable risk is a highly subjective and relative term. It is time and space-specific and depends upon definitions of quality of life and robustness of the environment. 

Fig. 17 Relationship of the ecological risk management framework to the ecological risk assessment framework (modified after Stahl et al. [53])...

The work s first objective is to combine specialized research to a value chain management framework for managing a value chain end-to-end by volumes and values. 

The framework is mainly based on the supply chain management framework of Rohde et al. (2000). Rohde s work is gradually enhanced to address the aspects of synchronized decision making within the value chain and the integration of supply, demand and value management concepts as shown in fig. 17. The framework is structured into the areas value chain, processes and methods. 

Special concepts such as VMI or CPFR share the characteristic to be volume and supply-focused as in supply chain management. Although the terms may differ, the detailed processes and tasks match the overall value chain management framework, since the anatomy of the value chain is considered not to be different. 

Integrated value chain management framework is an essence of so far separated concepts in the value chains either focusing on managing supply, demand or values ... 

The value chain management framework is used as conceptual basis for developing a global value chain planning model for the specific scope of a global commodity value chain in the chemical industry. 

Planning requirements for the specified value chain are elaborated in this chapter based on the value chain management framework established in chapter 2. Planning requirements are gathered from industry cases, research literature analysis and practice studies. A state of the art analysis of recent literature is conducted for these requirements in order to present recent concepts and applicable ideas and to specify research gaps. Requirements collection and coverage by state of the art literature is summarized at the end of the chapter also as input for the model development in the subsequent chapter. 

Additional research questions may exist related to other concept elements within the value chain management framework ... 

Returning to Porter s original value chain, how can company services and support functions like IT, HR or Finance be integrated into strategy, planning and operations as an extended value chain management framework ... 

As one of her first initiatives after being sworn in as FDA Commissioner, Dr. Jane Henney established a Task Force to evaluate the system for managing risks of FDA-approved medical products. The Task Force assessed risk-management practices within the overall healthcare-delivery system, focusing on the roles and responsibilities of each participant. The Task Force s report Managing the Risks from Medical Product Use Creating a Risk Management Framework found that a systems framework for medical product risk... 

FDA, Report to the FDA Commissioner From the Task Force on Risk Management. Managing the Risks From Medical Product Use Creating a Risk Management Framework, Food and Dmg Administration, Rockville, MD, May 1999 (http //www.fda.gov/oc/tfrm/riskmangement.pdf). Hepler, C.D. and Strand, L.M., Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care. Am. J. Pharm. Educ., 53,15S, 1989. 

These two simple examples highlight how an uncertainty managing framework like Evidence theory can improve fault isolation performances. 

FDA, Mana in the Risks from Medical Product Use Creating a Risk Management Framework. Washington, DC FDA, 1999. 

Such a risk management framework should be in place prior to the initiation of closure activities and should be a dynamic process. The constituent risk models should be updated as new information becomes available and should be responsive to changing and emerging hazards. 

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 1999. Creating a Risk Management Framework Report to the FDA Commissioner from the Task Force on Risk Management. Washington, DC Government Printing Office. 

Recommendation 4-2. The Army should expedite obtaining necessary risk information so interested parties can compare the baseline incineration system and the modified baseline process. An important step for ensuring that the necessary risk information is obtained in a timely manner is the establishment of a comprehensive risk management framework. Such a framework would clearly identify the risk measures of interest and reflect the criteria specified in Public Law 105-261 and the NEPA NOI concerning a disposal facility for the Pueblo stockpile. 

FIGURE 5-6 Evolution of risk assessment and risk management. Framework showing research, risk assessment, and risk management. Source Omenn 2003. Reprinted with permission copyright 2003, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 

An electronic records management framework should be formulated and deployed. Steps within the framework might include ... 

NAS. Risk Assessment and Management Framework for Decision Making, National Academy of Science, Washington, DC, 1983. 

This project management chapter will cover each of these elements of a project management framework and provide sources for further study. 

This first element of a project management framework is used to define project scope and objectives. It outlines... 

The 1997 Presidential/Congressional Commission s Risk Management Framework... 

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