Maintenance, repair, and operating

In this chapter, we focus on strategies, tools and metrics that help chemical choosers to green their chemical product inventories and to benchmark progress. The term chemical chooser applies to those who purchase chemicals for use in the development of formulated products or those who purchase formulated chemical products for use in their use in activities such as maintenance, repair and operations. Most product manufacturers are chemical and material choosers in contrast to chemical or raw material manufacturers who process, synthesize and supply chemicals as raw materials. 

These companies experience shows that cash can be delivered to the bottom line by leveraging the procurement function the total cost of procuring feedstock but also other goods and services such as maintenance, repair, and operations (MRO), logistics, and corporate services can be significantly reduced, making a real, immediate and long-term positive impact on profitability. 

ASTM. American Society for Testing and Materials produces the largest single source of standards, consisting of nearly 70 volumes divided by subject matter into 16 sections. The most commonly used ASTM standards in the process industry are available in a compendium, ASTM Standards for Maintenance Repair and Operations Materials in the Chemical Process Industry. ASTM uses letter-number designations to describe its standards. See Figure 2-2. 

Maintenance, repair, and operating (MRO) supplies are needed to run a business and these require cash to cover their costs. If working capital gets... 

Technical enterprise applications may be PDM systems, Enterprise Resource Planning System, Maintenance, Repair and Operations systems. Virtual Product Manager systems, etc. 

Initially the buy-side application vendors (including Commerce One and Ariba) were driven by pure play solutions for the purchase of MRO (maintenance, repairs and operations) or indirect goods. The huge potential of e-procurement offered up by pure companies has been recognized and seized by established ERP vendors such as SAP and Oracle, and software vendors like Netscape and Datastream. 

Tactical items represented in the first quadrant of the supply matrix are low-risk and low-cost items (i.e., not only the cost of these items to the firm is low but the risk of disruption due to the nonavailability of these items also is low). Maintenance, repair, and operating (MRO) items and office supplies are some examples of products that can be classified as tactical. The largest number of parts and components in any organization will eventually be classified as tactical. There are many suppliers that supply these items however, due to the low value of these items, it is not beneficial to frequently search and choose suppliers for these products. 

A failure to install a necessary softener is ultimately reflected in higher bills for maintenance, repairs, and water treatment chemical products and services. Scaling can still occur with soft, lean waters, and the cost of additional fuel over a year probably would pay for several water softeners. In addition, the control of internal water chemistry becomes more difficult than it might otherwise be, which places an additional operational burden upon the facility. 

The planning and execution of maintenance, repair, and replacement activities should anticipate the termination of destruction operations and facility closure. During the terminal phase of destruction operations, these activities should be strictly limited to those that are essential to ensure continuing safe and efficient operations and regulatory compliance. During visits to the facilities, the committee... 

Operating capacity This is the average required particulate flow, allowing time for normal maintenance, repairs, and process delays that may occur. 

Expenses for critical infrastmcture are not only costs for its design and building but they also include costs for its operation, maintenance, repair and modernisation. Therefore, the risks connected with each infrastmcture must also include the risks from just given domains and the region management must know how to deal with them. It is necessary to asses the risks from disasters that can be denoted as financial market failure because with them it is connected failure of finances for maintenance, operation, repair and modernisation of objects of critical infrastrucmre. It is caused by the fact that critical infrastrucmre criticality increases if not good maintenance and good repair are performed (which cause the vulnerability increases). 

Supply Chain Management in Maintenance Repair, and Overhaul Operations... 

Supply chain management in production operations for new products tends to be rather binary information flows backward from the customer and products flow forward from the digging it out of the ground suppliers, through various tiers of transformation until it arrives to satisly the customer need. Maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) operations are different. This case study covers the supply chain issues of a multinational... 

If safety specialists are not part of a design team, at least there should be a thorough safety review of a design by a safety specialist. The review should cover safety features built into the facility and safety during use of the facility. The review should consider operation, maintenance, repair, and servicing of the facility and its subsystems and equipment. The design must cover routine use of a facility and activities of facility caretakers. It must cover special activities important for emergencies and rescue. 

The problems entailed in reactor operation, viz. activation and contamination by tritium, shielding, remote handling for maintenance, repair and replacement, and the high degree of reliability required characterize the further outlay necessary for development. 

In the use of protective techniques, the basic procedure is to take some form of action, after an initial failure or malfunction, to prevent additional or secondary failures. By reducing the number of failures, such techniques can be considered as enhancing product reliability, although they also affect availability and product effectiveness. Another major consideration is the impact of maintenance, repair, and part replacement. If a fuse protecting a circuit is replaced, what is the impact when the product is re-energized What protective architectures are appropriate for postrepair operations What maintenance guidance must be documented and followed when fail-safe protective architectures have or have not been included ... 

A few aeronautical engineers are also employed in civil aviation by airlines and airfreight operators, or in the growing market for maintenance, repair and overhaul of mihtary and commercial aircraft. However, a more common route for engineers in the civil operating companies is to start as aircraft technicians and to develop to engineer status. There can also be opporturrities to spend periods of time seconded... 

Personnel or labor cost is usually a significant contributor to the overall production cost, which is especially true for the area of red biotechnology. In contrast to white biotechnology, the manufacture of biopharmaceuticals and, especially, cell therapy products is still characterized by a relatively low level of automation and dependence on manual operation by skilled operators. Additional personnel-related costs such as cost of QC (quality control) and QA (quality assurance) services are secondary costs. Maintenance, repair and external services, and general expenses refer to cost for keeping the facilities and equipment functional (typically 2-5% of investment) and to cash-out for externally sourced services such as, for example, cleaning of the facility or workwear and outsourced analytical services, respectively. 

O M and major rehabilitation programs are unable to adequately fund maintenance activities to ensure the navigation system operates at an acceptable level of performance. The backlog of maintenance contains maintenance, repair, and improvement needs for area infrastructure and projects. This type of list benefits the owner and the user by better identifying and documenting required work, ranking the work in order of critical priorities. 

---