Immune regulation

The finding that the anthelmintic thiazoloimidazole levamisole showed immunoregulatory activity spurred further investigation of this heterocyclic system. Synthesis of a highly modified analogue starts by displacement of bromine in keto ester 149 by sulfur in substituted benzimidazole 148. Cyclization of the product (150), leads initially to the carbinol 151. Removal of the ester group by saponification in base followed by acid-catalyzed dehydration of the carbinol affords the immune regulator tilomisole (152) [28]. 

Ozdemir C, Akdis M, Akdis CA T regulatory cells 17 and their counterparts masters of immune regulation. Clin Exp Allergy 2009 39 626-639. 

Department of Immune Regulation, >JST, CREST, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo, and Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba-shi, Japan... 

Pacifici R, Di Carlo S, Bacosi A, Zuccaro P (1993) Macrophage functions in drugs of abuse-treated mice. Int J Immunopharmacol 15(6) 711-716 Park JE, Barbul A (2004) Understanding the role of immune regulation in wound healing. Am J Surg 187(5A) 11S-16S... 

Douni E, Akassoglou K, Alexopoulou L, et al. Transgenic and knockout analyses of the role of TNF in immune regulation and disease pathogenesis. J Inflamm 1995 47(l-2) 27-38. 

Devlin, J.P., Carter, C., and Homon, C.A., High capacity screening natural products as immune regulators, in Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, Wagner, H. and Farnsworth, N.R., Eds., Academic Press, San Diego, 1991, chap. 4. 

Tumor Necrosis Factor There are two types of tumor necrosis factor TNF-a and TNF- 8. Of the two, TNF-a has been studied in more detail. TNF-a is a 157 amino acid polypeptide. It is a mediator of immune regulation, including the activation of macrophages and induction of the proliferation of T cells. Another TNF-a function is its cytotoxic effects on a number of tumor cells. Recent research, however, concentrates on its property in the stimulation of inflammation, particularly in the case of rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical trials are being conducted with drugs to block TNF-a with anti-TNF-a monoclonal antibodies. These antibodies target the excessive levels of TNF-a in the synovial fluid of joints and provide relief to sufferers of rheumatoid arthritis (Exhibit 4.10). 

Lenardo, M., Chan, K. M., Hornung, R, McFarland, H., Siegel, R., Wang, J., and Zheng, L., 1999, Mature T lymphocyte apoptosis-immune regulation in a dynamic and unpredictable antigenic environment. Annu Rev Immunol 17 221-253. 

The emerging pattern of immune regulation by histamine is very complex and calls for further investigation. Histamine and four different HRs constitute a multifaceted system with distinct functions of receptor types due to their differential expression, which changes according to the... 

Akdis CA, Blaser K Histamine in the immune regulation of allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003 112 15-22. 

Jutel M, Watanabe T, Akdis M, Blaser K, Akdis CA Immune regulation by histamine. Curr Opin Immunol 2002 14 735-740. 

In the last decade there has been increasing interest in the scientific community in T-cell-mediated immunosuppression or regulation as a mechanism of self-tolerance and immune regulation. To date. 

Experimental Evidence for immune Regulation in Animal Models... 

Maizels RM Infections and allergy -helminths, hygiene and host immune regulation. Curr Opin Immunol 2005 17 656-661. 

---