Lung macrophages

M (altered lung macrophage function including decreased phagocytosis, increased production of oxygen radicals, and increased LDH and lysozyme activities)... 

It has been shown that lung macrophages from patients with systemic sclerosis (SS) produced the elevated levels of nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite and expressed the enhanced level of iNOS [281], NAC administration reduced peroxynitrite production and might be possibly recommended for the treatment SS patients. Solans et al. [282] found the significant enhancement of lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes from SS patients. Cracowski et al. [283] showed that in vivo lipid peroxidation was enhanced in scleroderma spectrum disorders including SS and undifferentiated connective tissue disease. 

Wizemann, T.M. and Laskin, D.L. Enhanced phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and production of reactive oxygen intermediates by interstitial lung macrophages following acute endo-toxemia, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 11, 358, 1994. 

Several other cell types have also been shown to secrete histamine-releasing activity, some of which may be peptide in nature (although more work is necessary for a definitive characterization). For example, human lung macrophages cultured for 24 h have been shown to release a soluble factor (12 and 30 kDa) that stimulates isolated human lung mast cells and human basophils to release histamine [ 145]. The generation and release of this factor developed over time (> 1 h) and was blocked by cycloheximide, indicating that protein... 

Cytotoxicity assays employ mammalian celk in culture to measure cellular metabolic impairment and death resulting from exposure in vitro to soluble and particulate toxicants. Mammalian cells derived from various tissues and organs can be maintained as short term primary cultures or, in some cases, as continuous cell strains or lines. The cytotoxicity assays, incorporated as part of Level 1 analysis, employ primary cultures of rabbit alveolar (lung) macrophages (RAM) and maintenance cultures of strain WI-38 human lung fibroblasts. 

Franzi LM, Bratt JM, Williams KM, Last JA (2011) Why is particulate matter produced by wildfires toxic to lung macrophages Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 257 182-188... 

Increased the cytotoxic activity of lung macrophages enhanced by OK-432 in rat 619... 

Lung Macrophages and Dendritic Cells in Health and Disease, edited by M. F. Lipscomb and S. W. Russell... 

Laskin DL, Weinberger B, Laskin JD. Functional heterogeneity in liver and lung macrophages. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 2001, 70, 163-170. 

Grundfest CC, Chang J, Newcombe D. 1982. Acrolein A potent modulator of lung macrophage arachidonic acid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta 713 149-159. 

Figure 27.16. Size and shape characteristics of particles that determine deposition, clearance, and toxicity in the respiratory tract. In general, smaller particles are more toxic whereas longer fibers are more toxic. A lung macrophage is shown as a size reference. (See text for details.)...

Nitric oxide ( NO) was discovered as the endothelium-derived relaxation factor. It is produced in the central nervous system, lungs, macrophages, and vascular endothelial cells in response to a variety of stimuli. It initiates a cGM P... 

Robertson MD, Kerr KM, Seaton A Killing of A. fumigatus spores by human lung macrophages A paradoxical effect of heat-labile serum components. J Med Vet Mycol 1989 27 295-302. Sturtevant JE, Latge JP Interactions between conidia of A. fumigatus and human complement component C3. Infect Immun 1992 60 1913-1918. 

Albino HMT (Fischer 344) male rats were exposed to 92.8% enriched uranium dioxide with a concentration ranging from 2,274.2 nCi/m (84.1 kBq/m ) to 5,458 nCi/m (202 kBq/m ). Increases in the sizes and numbers of lung macrophages, with a significant increase in the size of lysosomal granules within the macrophages, were reported 8 days postexposure (Morris et al. 1989). 

Brain J. D. (1992) Mechanisms, measurement, and significance of lung macrophage function. Environ. Health Perspect. 97, 5-10. 

Hauser R, Godleski JJ, Hatch V, Christiani DC (2001) Ultrafine particles in human lung macrophages. Arch Environ Health 56 150-156... 

Bilyk, N. and Holt, P.G. (1991). The surfece phenotypic characterization of lung macrophages in C3H/HeJ mice. Immunology 74, 645-651. 

Poulter, L.W. (1990). Changes in lung macrophages during disease. FEMS Micro. Immunol. 64, 327-332. 

Rankin, J.A., Harris, P. and Ackerman, S.J. (1992). The efiects of eosinophil-granule major basic protein on lung-macrophage superoxide anion generation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 89, 746-751. 

Kobzik, L., Huang, S., Paulauskis, J.D. and Godleski, J.J. (1993). Particle opsonization and lung macrophage cytokine response. J. Immunol. 151, 2753-2759. 

Particles with aerodynamic diameters between 2 and 3 pm are ideal for deep lung delivery (76). This aerodynamic diameter depends primarily on the geometric diameter and bulk density (77). Particles with bigger size ( 10 pm) and lower bulk density aerosolize better and avoid lung macrophage clearance. 

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