Phosphorus flame retardant

Protective Coatings. Some flame retardants function by forming a protective Hquid or char barrier. These minimize transpiration of polymer degradation products to the flame front and/or act as an insulating layer to reduce the heat transfer from the flame to the polymer. Phosphoms compounds that decompose to give phosphoric acid and intumescent systems are examples of this category (see Flame retardants, phosphorus flame retardants). 

Organophosphorus Derivatives. Neopentyl glycol treated with pyridine and phosphorus trichloride in anhydrous dioxane yields the cycHc hydrogen phosphite, 5,5-dimethyl-l,3-dioxaphosphorinane 2-oxide (2) (32,33). Compounds of this type maybe useful as flameproofing plasticizers, stabilizers, synthetic lubricants, oil additives, pesticides, or intermediates for the preparation of other organophosphoms compounds (see Flame retardants Phosphorus compounds). 

WeilED. 1980. Flame retardants (phosphorus compounds). In Grayson M, Eckroth D, eds. Kirk-Othmer s encyclopedia of chemical technology, Vol. 10, 3rd ed. New York John Wiley Sons, 348-349,396411,416-419. 

Flame retardants, 11 447-454, 459-479. See also Fire retardant entries Halogenated flame retardants Phosphorus flame retardants antimony compounds in, 3 54 brominated and chlorinated additive, 11 461-470... 

Phosphorus trichloride, PC13, and phosphorus pentachloride, PCl5, are the two most important halides of phosphorus. The former is prepared by direct chlorination of phosphorus. Phosphorus trichloride, a liquid, is a major intermediate for the production of pesticides, oil additives, and flame retardants. Phosphorus pentachloride, a solid, is made by allowing the trichloride to react with more chlorine (recall Fig. 2.8). 

Weil, E. D., Flame retardants Phosphorus compounds, in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th edn., Howe-Grant. M. (Ed.), Vol. 10, 1993, Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp. 976-979. 

Fontaine, G., Bourbigot, S., and Duquesne, S. 2008. Neutralized flame retardant phosphorus agent Facile synthesis, reaction to fire in PP and synergy with zinc borate. Polym. Deg. Stab. 93 68-76. 

Phosphorus trichloride is important in the manufacture of insecticides, fuel additives, and flame retardants. Phosphorus has only one naturally occurring isotope, P, whereas chlorine has two, 75% Cl and 25% Cl. (a) What different molecular masses (amu) can be found for PCI3 (b) What is the ratio of the effusion rates for the heaviest and the lightest PCI3 molecules ... 

Brominated FRs are number one in value terms, both in North America and globally, because they cost between two and a half and three times as much as the average flame retardant. Phosphorus compounds come second by value, followed by antimony. In tonnage terms, brominated compounds come second globally to metal hydroxides, followed by phosphorus FRs, with smaller shares going to antimony, chlorinated compounds and borates. 

The amminolysis of phosphorus (V) halides leads to a class of inorganic materials known as phosphazenes which are characterized by the repeating (R2P=N) unit. The presence of two elements active in flame retardancy (phosphorus, nitrogen) which may behave in a synergistic manner makes phosphazenes particularly attractive in this important application. 

Carja lonela-Daniela, Serbezeanu Diana, Lisa Gabriela, Vlad-Bubulac Tachita, and Hamciuc Corneliu. Thermal degradation and kinetic studies of new flame-retardant phosphorus-containing polymers with liquid crystalline properties. Int. J. Polym. Anal. Charact. 19 no. 4 (2014a) 372-382. 

Bourbigot, S. Fontaine, G. Duquesne, S. Delobel, R. Synthesis and evaluation of new flame retardant phosphorus agents, in M. Lewin, Ed., Proceedings of the 18th BBC Conference on Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials. Business Communications Co., Stamford, CT, 2007. 

Flame retardants phosphorus/nitrogen intumescent compounds, antioxidants... 

Additives, antioxidants, antistats, color concentrates, colorants and pigments, fillers, master batches Flame retardants phosphorus and nitrogen compounds Antioxidants... 

Flame retardants, phosphorus compounds, antioxidants, antistatic agents, nucleating agents, dispersing agents, stabilizers, metal deactivators, compatibilizers, HAS, benzophenone stabilizers... 

Flame retardants Phosphorus, organics with Br or Cl groups... 

Flame retardants Phosphorus- and halogen-hased compounds, horates, alumina trihydrate and calcium carbonate... 

With a recent push toward non-brominated flame retardants, phosphorus-based alternatives, such as phosphate esters, are used more frequently for various applications. Their use as plasticizers is also well known. However, their function as environmental stress crack agents of various thermoplastics is less well recognized. Two case studies, one - in which a triaryl phosphate was a component of the formulation, the other - in which it was migrating from an adjacent component illustrate some of the problems with their use. Fractographic analysis and various analytical techniques were used to determine a root cause of each of the two failures. 

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