Lubricants amide

Uses Intermediate for mfg. of soaps, emulsifiers, carriers, lubricants, amides, esters, aicohoiamides, and nonsurfactant appiics. 

Lubricants. Lubricants are used to improve the melt flow, screw feeding, and mold release of nylons. Long-chain acids, esters, and amides are used together with metal salts, eg, metal stearates. Improved melt flow is mainly a function of molecular weight reduction during mol ding. Mold release is improved by waxes of limited compatibiHty with nylon, which migrate to and lubricate the mold surface. 

Eatty bisamides are used primarily to kicrease sHp, reduce blocking, and reduce static ki polymeric systems. Other specialty appHcations kiclude cosolvents or coupling agents for polyamide reskis, fillers for electrical kisulation coatings, additives for asphalt to reduce cold flow, and synthetic waxes for textile treatments (68). Bisamides have been used ki all the traditional primary amide appHcations to kicrease lubricity and have become the amide of choice because of thek better efficiency. Bisamides have the highest commercial value ki the amide market. 

Substituted Amide Waxes. The product of fatty acid amidation has unique waxlike properties (13). Probably the most widely produced material is N,1S7-distearylethylenediarnine [110-30-5] which has a melting point of ca 140°C, an acid number of ca 7, and a low melt viscosity. Because of its unusuaHy high melting point and unique functionaHty, it is used in additive quantities to raise the apparent melting point of themoplastic resins and asphalts, as an internal—external lubricant in the compounding of a variety of thermoplastic resins, and as a processing aid for elastomers. 

Ethers, esters, amides and imidazolidines containing an epithio group are said to be effective in enhancing the antiwear and extreme pressure peiformance of lubricants. Other uses of thiiranes are as follows fuel gas odorant (2-methylthiirane), improvement of antistatic and wetting properties of fibers and films [poly(ethyleneglycol) ethers of 2-hydroxymethyl thiirane], inhibition of alkene metathesis (2-methylthiirane), stabilizers for poly(thiirane) (halogen adducts of thiiranes), enhancement of respiration of tobacco leaves (thiirane), tobacco additives to reduce nicotine and to reduce phenol levels in smoke [2-(methoxymethyl)thiirane], stabilizers for trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (2-methylthiirane, 2-hydroxymethylthiirane) and stabilizers for organic compounds (0,0-dialkyldithiophosphate esters of 2-mercaptomethylthiirane). The product of the reaction of aniline with thiirane is reported to be useful in the flotation of zinc sulfide. 

Lubricants may also be used to enhance flow and mould release. Materials used are usually of low moleeular weight, contain a hydrocarbon component and an amide component, and are typified by ethylene bis(stearamide). 

Both the dipolymers and terpolymers have excellent resistance to hydrocarbons found m petroleum-based fuels and lubricants The 69 5% F terpolymer resists swellmg m blended fuels that contain metlianol and can be used in contact with certain phosphate ester-based hydraulic fluids Terpolymers are preferred for contact with aromatic solvents, although either type performs well in higher alcohols VDF-based elastomers dissolve m polar aprotic solvents such as ketones, esters, amides, and certam ethers These elastomers are therefore not suitable for contact with fluids that contain substantial amounts of these solvents because of excessive swell and consequent loss of mechanical properties... 

K. Wall, P. W. Zard, D. J. Barclay-Miller, and D. W. Martin. Amide and imide compounds and their use as lubricant oils. Patent WO 9530643, 1995. 

Saturated hydrocarbons (waxes), fatty acids, metal soaps, fatty acid amides and esters (primarily Cig-Cis) act as internal lubricants, fluoro elastomers as external lubricants. Many other polymer additives, e.g. antistatic agents, antifogs, antioxidants, UV stabilisers, etc., act as lubricants in the barrel of the extruder once they are in the liquid form. 

Surfactants used as lubricants are added to polymer resins to improve the flow characteristics of the plastic during processing they also stabilise the cells of polyurethane foams during the foaming process. Surfactants are either nonionic (e.g. fatty amides and alcohols), cationic, anionic (dominating class e.g. alkylbenzene sulfonates), zwitterionic, hetero-element or polymeric (e.g. EO-PO block copolymers). Fluorinated anionic surfactants or super surfactants enable a variety of surfaces normally regarded as difficult to wet. These include PE and PP any product required to wet the surface of these polymers will benefit from inclusion of fluorosurfactants. Surfactants are frequently multicomponent formulations, based on petro- or oleochemicals. 

Slip additives act at the surface of a polymer film or article to reduce the friction between it and another surface. In a variety of plastics, such as polyolefins, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride, fatty-acid amides are applied as slip additives. Fatty-acid amides, such as oleamide, stearamide, erucamide, and oleyl palmitamide, are added to plastic formulations where they gradually tend to bloom to the surface, imparting useful properties including lubrication, prevention of films sticking together, and reduction of static charge. 

Lubricating oils - [AMIDES, FATTY ACID] (Vol 2) - [PETROLEUM - REFINERY PROCESSES, SURVEY] (Vol 18) -polyamines in [DIAMINES AND HIGHER AMINES ALIPHATIC] (Vol 8) -polymethacrylates additives [METHACRYLIC POLYMERS] (Vol 16) -purification by centrifuge [SEPARATION - CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATION] (Vol 21) -zinc sulfide as pigment [PIGMENTS - INORGANIC] (Vol 19)... 

These branched alcohol products are also useful in solvents, plasticizers, and monomers. For example, isobutyl alcohol is converted into the acetate ester, which is used extensively as a lacquer solvent. Isobutyl alcohol is also used in lubricating oils and in the production of amide resins. Propyl alcohol (59 million kg/yr) is used heavily in herbicide syntheses and in solvents for coatings and inks. 

The lubrication system is extremely complex. The mechanism of lubrication is partly dictated by the nature of interactions between the lubricant and the solid surface. Additives blended into lubricating oil formulations either adsorb onto the sliding surfaces, eg., fatty alcohols, fatty amines, amides, phosphoric acid esters (friction modifiers), or react with the surface, eg., ZDDP, MoDTC, MoDDP organic phosphates (extreme pressure). Some interactions affecting the surfaces of metals include adsorption, chemisorption, and tribochemical reactions-these form new compounds on the surface and lubrication by reaction products (Bhushan and Gupta, 1991 Briscoe et al., 1973 Briscoe and Evens, 1982 Heinicke, 1984 Hsu and Klaus, 1978 and 1979 Klaus and Tewksbury, 1987 Lansdown, 1990 Liston, 1993 McFadden et al., 1998 Studt, 1989). 

Lubricants High molecular weight fatty acids and derivatives, paraffin waxes, metal soaps, ester and amide waxes, silicones, polyfluorocarbons... 

Typical lubricants are fatty alcohols C]2-C22, fatty acids C14-Ci8, their esters with fatty alcohols, glycerol or pentaerythritol, amides (2) or diamides (3) and metallic soaps (see Heat stabilizers ), acids C28-C31 from montan wax and their esters, diesters of phthalic acid (4b), paraffin wax C2o-C70, PE waxes Ci25-C70o or their oxidized (polar) grades containing hydroxyl and carbonyl groups. 

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