The Need for Testing

The impacts of TSCA, such as those on two specific exemplary industries, surface coating polymers and metal-cutting fluids, by S.Oslosky and H.Fribush, respectively, are implied but actually not explicit within TSCA. Consider the required assessment of risks, the need for test-data describing effects on health and the environment, aside from plant inspections, subpoenas, prohibited acts, penalties for prohibited acts, enforcement and seizure, judicial review, citizens civil actions and petitions, and employee protection provisions in the Act. Thus, it s inevitable that the alert manufacturer will adjust his product research, development and selection processes to identify and use substances with reduced risk to health and the environment wherever possible. As structure-(biological)-activity relationships become more reliable, the alert... 

The survey participants were asked about their reactivity testing programs. Three of five companies visited by CSB use expert opinion to examine the need for testing. Seven of nine use a mix of in-house and contracted testing capabilities. Two respondents rely on literature surv eys and expert opinion instead of chemical testing. Only two of 10 respondents to a recent SOCMA survey54 use reactive chemical test data to identify hazards. (SOCMA membership includes many small- and medium-sized companies.)... 

Draft Guideline on the Non-clinical Investigation of the Dependence Potential of Medicinal Products Provides guidance on the need for testing of dependence potential in animals during the development of medicinal products and indicate what type of information is expected as part of a MAA Anon60... 

Testing procedures were established for each vendor selected for on-site demonstration of filtration equipment. These procedures were based on the need for testing data to properly complete the final equipment specifications and purchase justification. 

Having established the need for testing, it may be interesting to consider and reflect on some philosophical issues on the topic of testing. 

Gehrmann s proposal was quickly approved. The need for testing was increasing rapidly as new chemicals entered the market and the onset of the New Deal made it uncertain whether the confidential arrangements whereby such studies had been done under contract by the Bureau of Mines could continue. Dow and Union Carbide also established in-house toxicology laboratories around this time.4... 

In the field of electrophoresis, standardization is yet to be achieved in many areas. In laboratories throughout the world, variations of techniques exist. Interlaboratory intercomparisons of results are not widespread and there are apparent needs to have better control of electrophoretic results. Also, many techniques need to be validated for experimental appropriateness. Taylor (2) expressed the need for test validation "A plethora of methods, procedures, and protocols based on the same measurement principle can arise for a given analytical determination. Usually, they are worded differently, and they may contain subtle or major differences in technical details. The extent to which each needs to be validated is a matter of professional Judgment. It is evident some validation tests could be merely a matter of experimentally testing the clarity of the written word. ... 

The testing of metal ions in rapid bioassay tests may take advantage of the concept recently proposed by Loeb ( ) that such ions affect the fidelity of enzymes concerned with DNA synthesis. Obviously, the nature of the metal ion, of which there are only a limited number, would provide the necessary insight as to the need for testing such a material further and what kind of assay would most likely reveal adverse effects. 

The need for testing QED is illustrated by the inconsistencies currently observed in the atomic helium fine structure between experiments and theories. Obtaining predictions that match experiments is also useful for helium fine structure measurements to contribute to the determination of the fine structure constant a (recent work in this domain is presented in Ref. [8]). Many experiments have recently been performed on the helium fine structure by Gabrielse in Harvard [9], ... 

The effects of irradiation on both the electrical and the mechanical properties of the specimens were measured. Electrical tests comprised breakdown and in situ resistivity and postirradiation resistivity. Breakdown tests were performed after irradiation at room temperature. The need for tests in situ is recognized and being studied. Equipment originally designed for ASTM D 877-67 (breakdown testing of transformer coils) was modified to use solid... 

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