Linalool Linalyl acetate

The main components of Salvia mirzayanii were Linalool, Linalyl acetate, a-Tei pinyl acetate, 5-Cadinene, Spathulenol, Cubenol and a-Cadinol. The extraction yield, based on hydrodistillatin was 2.2% (v/w), and based on the SFE varied in the range of 0.65-10.59% (v/w) under different conditions. 

Other activities on the gastrointestinal system included antidiarrhoeal and gastroprotective effects. Satureja hortensis and Aloysia triphylla EOs inhibited castor oil induced diarrhoea in rodents [225, 255]. The EO of lavender and its components (linalool, linalyl acetate) and the EO of Cryptomeria japonica (ter-pin-4-ol and elemol) showed protective activities against acute ethanol/aspirin-induced gastric ulcers in rodents [200,254]. 

For hundreds of years the essential oil of lavender has been well appreciated for perfumery purposes [72]. Lavender oil is obtained by steam distillation from the fresh-flowering tops of Lavandula angustifolia Miller (Lavandula officinalis Chaix) [73]. It is a colourless or pale yellow, clear liquid, with a fresh, sweet, floral, herbaceous odour on a woody balsamic base [73, 74]. According to the European Pharmacopoeia, characteristic components of lavender oils are limonene, cineol, 3-octanone, camphor, linalool, linalyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol, lavandulyl acetate, lavandulol and a-terpineol. Adulterations commonly include blends of lavender oils with lavandin oil or spike oil, and the addition of synthetic linalool and linalyl acetate. In contrast, genuine lavender oils contain as main constituents (i )-linalyl acetate and (i )-linalool of high enantiomeric purity (Fig. 17.14). 

Fig. 17.15 Multielement IRMS analysis of lavender oil main compounds. Differential diagram (h = linalool - linalyl acetate ) authentic (black circles) and commercial (white circles) samples commercial non-authentic (circles with a line through) and special aberrations (circles with a cross) [82]...

Thymus vulgaris L. She Xiang Cao (Thyme) (aerial part) Tymol, terpinen-4-ol, pinenes, camphene, myrcene, alpha-phellandrene, limonene, 1,8-cineol, p-cymene, linalool, linalyl acetate, bomyl acetate, alpha-terpinyl acetate, alpha-terpineol, borneol, citral, geraniol, carvacrol.50 510 Anthelmintic, antispasmodic, carminative, diaphoretic, sedative. Treat bronchitis, cancer, diarrhea, gastritis, rheumatism, skin ailments. 

A patent application has been presented for Varroa control by means of acyclic and cyclic terpenes, mainly linalool, linalyl acetate, eugenol and anethole total control of the mite was observed when honey bees were fed 50% sugar syrup containing 1% linalool [85],... 

A recent survey about essential oils and their pure constituents used to control Varroa jacobsoni, contained three interesting tables that reported the toxicity of essential oils for V. jacobsoni and Apis mellifera after 24, 48 and 72 hours in a topical application and in an evaporation test, and the effects of essential oils on behavior and reproduction of V jacobsoni and on the bee brood [63]. The most interesting oils were those of cinnamon and clove, with 100% mite mortality after 24 h and no significant toxicity on honey bees. Furthermore, clove essential oil produced small brood mortality, and it was an inhibitor of mite reproduction. Other effective oils were anise, fennel, lavender, rosemary and wintergreen, which killed 100% mites after 48-72 hours. On the contrary, the oils obtained from garlic, onion, oregano and thyme, were found to be very toxic for honey bees. Among pure constituents, camphor, linalool, linalyl acetate and pinene resulted small brood mortality and inhibited mite reproduction. 

Flowery Anisyl alcohol Benzyl acetate, phenylaceiate Cinnamic acid Cinnamyl acetate Citronellyl formate Crcsyl acetate Decanal Dimethyl benzyl carbinol Dimethyl benzyl carbinyl acetate Ethyl anthranilate Geranyl acetate Hydroxycitronellal dimethyl acetate Linalool Linalyl acetate Methyl benzoate Pcnethyl acetate 2-Phcnylpropionaldehyde 3-Phenylpropionaldehvde. 

Aromatic plant species Linalool Linalyl acetate... 

Ionone alpha Hsobornyl acetate Iso butyl quinoline Isoeugenol Iso E super Isogalbanate cA-Jasmone Lilial Linalool Linalyl acetate... 

For an essential oil such as lavender, the same major components will be present these are linalool, linalyl acetate and 1,8-cineole. This is the qualitative knowledge. The different types of lavender essential oils will contain different amounts of constituent compounds. Spike lavender, Lavandula latifolia, has high amounts of 1,8-cineole (25-37%), while true lavender, Lavandula angustifolia, has very small amounts (0-5%). Lavandula latifolia may contain up to 60% camphor, while Lavandula angustifolia has only up to about 12%. This is quantitative information. A quantitative analysis is needed to help identify different types of oil and can distinguish chemotypes. 

Composition Main constituents are a- and y-terpinene, terpinene-4-ol, a-terpineol, linalool, linalyl acetate and cis-sabinene hydrate. The latter, along with its transisomer and terpinene-4-ol, is considered as typical aroma carrier of sweet marjoram. The quantitative composition, especially of oils of uncertain botanical origin, varies considerably ]155]. Oils from India contain eugenol, methyl chavicol and geraniol in marked amounts ]156], while these compounds are negligible or absent in European oils. Commercial oils from Turkey contain considerable amounts of carvacrol, some up to 80% [157]. Also the production process can influence the oil composition, e.g. cis-sabinene hydrate is partly converted to terpinene -ol during steam distillation. The genuine plant additionally contains cis-sabinene hydrate acetate, which is almost totally hydrolysed in the steam-distilled oil [158]. 

Guaiacyl acetate Heptyl acetate Hexanal 3,4-Hexanedione Hydrocinnamic alcohol Hydroxycitronellal Hydroxycitronellol o-lonone P-lonone Isoamyl acetate Isoamyl alcohol Isoamyl butyrate Isobutyl alcohol Isobutyl propionate dl-Limonene Linalool Linalyl acetate n-Nonyl acetate n-Octanal 2-Octanol... 

Many examples of essential oil effects abound in animal studies, for example, the sedative action of lavender on the overall activity of mice decreased when exposed to lavender vapor (f. angustifolia P. Miller) its components linalool and linalyl acetate showed a similar effect (Buchbauer et al., 1992). A possible explanation for the observed sedative effects was shown by linalool, which produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the binding of glutamate (an excitatory neuretransmitter in the brain) to its receptors on membranes of the rat cerebral cortex (Elisabetsky et al., 1995). More recently, this action was related to an anticonvulsant activity of linalool in rats (Elisabetsky et al., 1999). Other oils with sedative activity were found to be neroli and sandalwood active compo nents included citronellal, phenylethyl acetate, linalool, linalyl acetate, benzaldehyde, terpineol, and isoeugenol (in order of decreasing activity). 

Linalool, linalyl acetate, fenchone, camphor Trans-calamenene, 5-cadinene, P-caryophyllene, leptospermone Piperitenone oxide, limonene, tltymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, P-caryophyllene, and y-terpinene... 

Lavandula sp. Linalool, linalyl acetate, fenchone. Bactericide Konstantopoulou et al. 

Brugmansia/Datura. Floral VOCs of two Brugmansia spp. [B. arborea (L.) Lagerh. sub nom. D. arborea (L.), B. Candida Pers. sub nom. D. Candida (Pers.) Safe.] and three Datura spp. [D. inoxia Mmc., D. metel L., D. stramonium L.] were analyzed by Kawashima (1996). The results showed rich blends of monoterpenes (e.g., ocimene, pinenes, Umonene, sabinene) and oxidized congeners including esters (e.g., linalool, linalyl acetate, citroneUol, nerol, neryl acetate, neral, geraniol, geranyl formate, camphor, carvone, 1,8-cineol, fenchol) (Fig. 7.2) beside members of different classes of metabolites (e.g., phenylpropanoids, fatty acid esters), but almost no sesquiterpenes. 

Coriandrum sativum (-F)-Linalool, linalyl acetate, citral, a-pinene, p-pinen, a-phellandrene, a-terpinene, p-cymene, decan-1-ol. 

Lavender oil has been reported to contain more than 100 components, including linalool, linalyl acetate, lavandulyl acetate, terpinen-l-ol-4, 1,8-cineole, camphor, 3-phellandrene, terpinolene, a-thujene, n-hexanal, n-heptanal, methyl amyl ketone, ethyl amyl ketone, perillaldehyde, perillyl alcohol, r/-bomeol, a-terpineol, a-pinene, limonene, lactones (4-butanolide, dihydrocoumarin, 4-methyl-4-vinyl-4-butanolide, 5-pentyl-5-pentanolide, 4,4-dimethyl-2-buten-4-olide, etc.), sesquiterpenes (caryophyllene, cadinene, etc.), fatty acids (propionic acid, isobutyric acid, caproic acid, p-coumaric acid, etc.), and others (list and horhammer). " ... 

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