Liliaceae family

Males et al. [103] used aqueous mobile phase with formic acid for the separation of flavonoids and phenolic acids in the extract of Sambuci flos. In a cited paper, authors listed ten mobile phases with addition of acids used by other investigators for chromatography of polyphenolic material. For micropreparative separation and isolation of antraquinone derivatives (aloine and aloeemodine) from the hardened sap of aloe (Liliaceae family), Wawrzynowicz et al. used 0.5-mm silica precoated plates and isopropanol-methanol-acetic acid as the mobile phase [104]. The addition of small amounts of acid to the mobile phase suppressed the dissociation of acidic groups (phenolic, carboxylic) and thus prevented band diffusions. 

The alkaloid colchicine (FI) isolated from the medicinal plant Colchicum autumnale L. (Liliaceae family) still is used to treat gout and familial Mediterranean fever. FI and thiocolchicine (F2) (SCH3 rather than OCH3 at C-10), which is more stable and more potent but slightly more toxic, are mitotic inhibitors that inhibit polymerization of tubulin (69). Although they show antileukemic activity, they are too toxic to use as anticancer agents, which prompts the synthesis of new, less toxic analogs. 

There are five classes of fructans inulin, levan, mixed levan, inulin neoseries, and levan neoseries [26]. Inulin is a linear polysaccharide composed of (2-l)-P-D-fructosyl units (Figure 2.5a). Levan is a linear polysaccharide composed of (2-6)-P-D-fructosyl units (Figure 2.5b). Mixed levan is a branched polysaccharide composed of (2-1) and (2-6)-P-D-fructosyl units. Inulin neoseries is a linear polysaccharide composed of two inulin polymers that are connected together by a sucrose molecule. Levan neoseries is a linear polysaccharide composed of two levan polymers linked together by the glucose unit of the sucrose molecule. The type of fructan produced varies with plant species. For example, plants such as chicory (Cichorium intybus) and Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) in the Asteraceae family produce inulin. Plants in the Liliaceae family such as garlic (Allium sativum) produce inulin neoseries. Plants in the Poaceae family such as wheat (Triticum spp.), barley (Hordeum vulgare), and oats (Avena sativa) produce mixed levan or levan neoseries. 

Saffron genus Colchicum (Colchicum L.) produces colchicines. Metacolchicine is in Sandersonia aurantiaca and other colchicines in meadow saffron (Colchicum autumnale L.). Stereoidal alkaloids in the Liliaceae family are found in the Hellebore genus (Veratrum Bemch.). Jervine, cyclo-pamine (Figure 1.18), cycloposine, protoveratrine A, and protoveratrine B yield Veratrum album. Veramadines A and B are reported to be found in Veratratum mackii var. japonicum. O-Acetyljervine has been reported in the false hellebore (Veratrum lobelianum Bemch.). Steroidal alkaloids... 

Allergen in the Liliaceae family of plants to which species such as Tulipy Alstromeriay Erythronium dens canis and americanum belong. ABCD from contact with Tulip and Alstromeria... 

Fructans are polymers of fructose stored in some plants as reserve material instead of starch. They have much lower molecular weight than starch, and are water soluble. The branched fructans are found mainly in the grass (Poaceae) and lily (Liliaceae) families while linear fructans (specifically inulin) are particularly common in the Aster-aceae. Fructans are composed almost entirely of fructosyl-fructose linkages, and in some cases glucose molecules are present in the chain (Cseke and Kaufman 1999). 

Alkaloids with a benzofluorene skeleton are foimd in the Veratrum, Schoenocavion, Zygadenus and Fritillaria genera of the liliaceae family. Many of the alkaloids occur as glycosides in the plants. Some are important starting materials for syntheses of steroid hormones. 

Li H-J, Jiang Y, Li P (2006) Chemistry, bioactivity and geographical divCTsity of str idal alkaloids from the Liliaceae family. Nat Prod Rep 23 735-752. doi 10.1039/B609306J... 

S)-NeroHdol (in some plants) and in part (R)-neroHdol are precursors of acyclic hydrocarbons ( )-4,8-dimethylnona-l,3,7-triene and (3 ,7 )-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-l,3,7,12-tetraene, which are formed by oxidative degradation. These hydrocarbons are released from the damaged leaves of many plants, but they are also typical components of the scent emitted by some plants (belonging to the Orchidaceae, Cactaceae, Magnoliaceae and Liliaceae families) that bloom at night. 

To date, 152 species of flowering plants belonging to 46 different families, as well as a few species of mushrooms, mosses, ferns, and lichens, have been screened. Extracts from 20 seed plants have shown enough inhibitory activity to warrant further study. Leaf extracts of members of three families, Liliaceae, Pinaceae, and Labiateae, show a high incidence of antiviral agents. Several members of the Capri-foliaceae, on the other hand, contain virus-stimulating agents. 

The Lily botanical family (Liliaceae Adans., Juss.) (Table 14) is spread worldwide and contains more than 200 genera and around 3500 species. Some genera of this family produce L-tyrosine-derived alkaloids. The genus Kreysigia yields autumnaline, floramultine and kreysigine. 

Altogether 36 anthocyanins with one or two acetyl groups have been identified (Appendix A). The number given in parenthesis shows the number of anthocyanins reported as novel pigments in species in the various families Verbenaceae (8), Liliaceae (5), Geraniaceae (6), Vitaceae (5), Nymphaeaceae (5), Alliaceae (1), Theaceae (1), Rutaceae (1), Melastomataceae (1), Labiatae (1), Leguminosae (1), and Blechnaceae (1). 

FIGURE 10.15 The structures represent a general presentation of all the anthocyanins identified in each of the families Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Orchidaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Solanaceae. See Table 10.2 for abbreviations. 

Anthraquinones are found extensively in various plant species, especially from the families Liliaceae, Polygonaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae and Fabaceae. They are also biosynthesized in micro-organisms, e.g. Penicillium and Aspergillus species. The following structural variations within anthra-quinone aglycones are most common in nature. 

Long recognized as a family of their own, the amaryllids are now included in the Liliaceae by Cronquist but perhaps not generally. They are distributed throughout the world, mostly in the tropics and subtropics, and valued for their garden flowers (Amaryllis, Crinum, Lycoris, Narcissus, etc.). 

Many amaryllidaceous alkaloids are known at least 190 species and their horticultural varieties in over 30 genera have been reported to contain them. A large number have been characterized chemically, and they are sufficiently distinct from those in the Liliaceae to suggest separate family status, which will be maintained here. 

Lawrence lias the members of this family in Amaryllidaceae, Willis in Hypoxidaceae, Cronquist (Mabberley) in Liliaceae. Two samples, Curcilago orchioides and Hypoxis obtusa, were negative. 

Several genera in the lily family (Liliaceae) are found to synthesize analogues of the benzylte-trahydroisoquinoline alkaloids, e.g. autumnaline... 

The C-Homoerythrina alkaloids are a relatively recently identified group, the first examples being isolated and identified from Schelhammera pedunculata F. Muell. in 1968 (81). Homoerythrina alkaloids have been isolated from all three species of Schelhammera (Liliaceae), in which they constitute a further addition to the various biosynthetically related alkaloids within the family Liliacea (82-85)-, from the leaves of species of Phelline (Ilicacea), where their presence raises some doubts about the taxonomic classification of the genus (86-88)-, and from the roots and stems of species... 

Non-protein amino acids (NPAAs) are especially abundant in the family Fabaceae, but are also present in several monocots (families Alliaceae, Iri-daceae, Liliaceae), Gucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Resedaceae, Sapindaceae and Gycadaceae. NPAAs are also toxic components of some fungi (e.g. coprine... 

The mode of malate utilization during the day varies according to species and is similar to the variants of C4 photosynthesis [15]. In the majority of CAM plants, malate released from the vacuole is decarboxylated by NAD(P)-specific malic enzyme to yield CO2, NAD(P)H and pyruvate. In members of the Liliaceae, Bro-meliaceae, Asclepiadaceae and some CAM species of other families, malate is oxidized to OAA which undergoes decarboxylation by PEP carboxykinase, probably in the cytosol [15]. 

LESS SENSITIVE PLANTS Species of the genera Acer, Alnus, Populus, Quercus, Prunus, Rosa, Soknum, Zea, Vitis, Beta, Brassica, and species of the family of the Liliaceae 0.13 0.12 0.60 0.53... 

GLA is present in small amounts in many plants belonging to the families Acera-ceae, Boraginaceae, Cannabinaceae, Liliaceae, Onagraceae, Ranunculaceae,... 

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