Verbenaceae family

Zapata. B.. Betancur Galvis, L., Duran. C., and Stashenko. E. (2014). Cytotoxic activity of Asteraceae and Verbenaceae family essential oils. 26(1), 50 57. 

Bicyclic diterpenes-clerodanes. An important group of Insect antifeedants are the clerodane diterpenoids, which have been isolated from several different plant families (13)(Figure 1). Particularly well studied are the antifeedant activities of caryoptln and clerodin, and their derivatives, from Clerodendron and Caryopteris, Verbenaceae, against the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura L. (25-27). 

Altogether 36 anthocyanins with one or two acetyl groups have been identified (Appendix A). The number given in parenthesis shows the number of anthocyanins reported as novel pigments in species in the various families Verbenaceae (8), Liliaceae (5), Geraniaceae (6), Vitaceae (5), Nymphaeaceae (5), Alliaceae (1), Theaceae (1), Rutaceae (1), Melastomataceae (1), Labiatae (1), Leguminosae (1), and Blechnaceae (1). 

A series of complex oxygenated diterpenes is known to be antifeedant. Several of these occur in the Lamiaceae (Labiatae) and Verbenaceae, but are found in other families as well ( .g. in... 

Clerodane-type secondary metabolites have been found in several hundreds of plant species from various families and in organisms from other taxonomic groups, such as fungi, bacteria, and marine sponges.8 Especially, various genera from the plant families Labiatae and Verbenaceae have been identified as rich sources of clerodanes with antifeedant activity.63 Species of the genus Scutellaria (Labiatae) produces some of the most potent clerodane antifeedants known so far. 

The genera in the family of Verbenaceae (Table 1) include mangrove and vervain. 

One of the most widespread examples of phenylethanoid glycosides is verbascoside, also called acteoside, which has been obtained form sources belonging to different plant families. This compound, isolated from Lantana camara (Verbenaceae), was characterised as an inhibitor of rat brain PKC, with an IC50 value of 25 iM. This effect was abolished by adding ATP, which indicated a competitive interaction with the nucleotide. The inhibition was non-competitive with respect to the phosphate acceptor, histones type IIIS in this case, but other kinases, such as PTK from a lymphoma cell line or PKA, were not inhibited. In order to translate the biochemical effect to a related cellular event, the ability of verbascoside to reduce the proliferation of the lymphocytic mouse leukaemia L-1210 cells was examined. This compound showed an IC50 value of 13 pM [32]. 

Verbenaceae is a tropical and sub-tropical family of about 75 genera and 3000 species. It includes herbs, shmbs, lianas and trees. Many species of this family are used for a number of medicinal, timber and food purposes. For instance, timber from Citharexylum species is used to make musical instraments, while Vitex agmis castus is renowned for its medicinal properties. ... 

Naphthoquinones isolated from the wood of trees of the families Bignoniaceae and Verbenaceae have been subjected to an interdisciplinary study since the seventies, when Dr. Gilbert, at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, launched a program on the chemistry of natural products active against endemic diseases. Recently, De Moura etal. [209] have described the synthesis of five naphthoimidazoles derived from this program and their... 

We (Ref. 54) have recently Identified the sesquiterpenes O-caryophyllene (52), 6-cadlmene (57), a-bergamotene (58), 8 blsabolene (53), a-copaene (59), calamenene (60) and 4,10-dlmethyi-7-lsopropylblcyclo[4.4.0]-1,4-decadlene from the steam volatiles of the creeping perennial herb Llppla nodlflora (family Verbenaceae) which Is known for Its rampant growth. Extracts of L. nodlflora reduced lettuce seedling radical length as compared to controls suggesting the presence of allelochemlcals. 

Anthraquinones derived from shikimic and isochorismic acid are known to occur only in certain dicotyledonous families Bignoniaceae, Gesneriaceae, Rubiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, and Verbenaceae (Gentianales, Lamiales, and Scro-phulariales). These families also characteristically accumulate iridoid monoterpenes (Dahlgren et al., 1981). 

The bicyclic diterpenes of the Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, and Verbenaceae appear to have exceptional promise at the familial and generic level, but more study is needed (Seigler, 1981). 

Lantana trifolia (family Verbenaceae) Distributed in the tropics. The leaves are used in milk as a condiment. 

Lippia graveolens (family Verbenaceae) Distributed in Central and South America and other tropical and subtropical areas. It is an important spice in its homeland and in the USA. Leaves are used for a tisane and as vegetables. 

Lippia dulcis (family Verbenaceae) This produces a compound from the leaves and flowers that is 1000 times sweeter than sucrose. 

Among the nonvolatile terpenoids, there is also a great variability of iridoids mainly in the families Apocynaceae, Gentianaceae, Lamiaceae, Loganiaceae, Plantaginaceae, Rubiaceae, Schrophulatiaceae, Valerianaceae and Verbenaceae and of sesquiterpene lactones, especially in Asteraceae [9]. 

Source Origanum vulgare L. (Family Labiatae or Lamiaceae), Lippia graveo-lens H. B. K. (syn. L. berlandieri Schauer), L.palmeri S. Wats. (Family Verbenaceae), and other Origanum and Lippia speeies. 

---