Glucose molecules

Aminoglycoside Biosynthesis. The biosynthesis of the aminoglycosides has been extensively studied and reviewed (117—119). Perhaps the most interesting aspect is the biosynthesis of 2-deoxystreptamiae (1, R = H), in which the C-1 and C-6 of a D-glucose molecule become the C-1 and C-2 of 2-deoxystreptamiae by way of the intermediate 2-deoxy-j //(9-iaosose. The details of this conversion are stiU unclear. 

Starch A polymeric substance of glucose molecules and a component of many terrestrial and aquatic plants used by some organisms as a means of energy storage starch is broken down by enzymes (amylases) to yield glucose, which can be used as a feedstock for chemical or energy production. 

The process of glycolysis converts some, but not all, of the metabolic energy of the glucose molecule into ATP. The free energy change for the conversion of glucose to two molecules of lactate (the anaerobic route shown in Figure 19.1) is -183.6 kj/mol ... 

The second half of the glycolytic pathway involves the reactions that convert the metabolic energy in the glucose molecule into ATP. Altogether, four new ATP molecules are produced. If two are considered to offset the two ATPs consumed in phase 1, a net yield of 2 ATPs per glucose is realized. Phase II starts with the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, a reaction with a large... 

Determine the anticipated location in pyruvate of labeled carbons if glucose molecules labeled (in separate experiments) with " C at each position of the carbon skeleton proceed through the glycolytic pathway. 

Write a balanced equation for the synthesis of a glucose molecule from ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate and COg that involves the first three reactions of the Calvin cycle and subsequent conversion of the two glyceraldehyde-3-P molecules into glucose. 

Note that in this scheme, the six hexose sugars have been converted to six pentose sugars with release of six molecules of COg, and the six pentoses are reconverted to five glucose molecules. 

The first segment of glucose catabolism is called glycolysis. This process begins when glucose is transported into a cell. In a series of reactions within the cell, each of which requires a specific enzyme, a single six-carbon glucose molecule is converted to... 

Maltose, a decomposition product of starch, is a dimer of two glucose molecules. These are combined head-to-tail carbon atom 1 of one molecule is joined through an oxygen atom to carbon atom 4 of the second molecule. To form maltose, the two OH groups on these carbon atoms react, condensing out H20 and leaving the O atom bridge. 

In starch, glucose molecules are joined head-to-tail through oxygen atoms. A thousand or more glucose molecules may be linked in this way. either in long single chains (amylose) or branched chains (amylopectin). 

The structure of the glucose molecule was deduced by a series of steps somewhat like those described in Chapter 18 for ethanol. Glucose was... 

If all the oxygen containing groups are reduced, n-hexane results. This test helps establish that the glucose molecule has a chain structure. One representation of the structural formula of glucose, C6Hi206, is... 

Cellulose is an important part of woody plants, occurring in cell walls and making up part of the structural material of stems and trunks. Cotton and flax are almost pure cellulose. Chemically, cellulose is a polysaccharide—a polymer made by successive reaction of many glucose molecules giving a high molecular weight (molecular weight ->- 600,000). This polymer is not basically different from the polymers that were discussed in Section 18-6 ... 

Insulin appears to activate a process that helps glucose molecules enter the cells of striated muscle and adipose tissue Figure 49-1 depicts normal glucose metabolism. Insulin also stimulates die synthesis of glycogen by die liver. In addition, insulin promotes protein syntiiesis and helps the body store fat by preventing its breakdown for energy. 

Starch is a polysaccharide, a chain of many glucose molecules. It is the main carbohydrate store in roots and seeds. 

Later, surface-acting polyglucosides were created. These sugar-based detergents are easily broken down by microbes, leaving no traces in the environment. They consist of a pair of glucose molecules, with hydrocarbon side chains attached to act as the hydrophobic ends. They are milder than soaps, and they work in hard water. 

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