Lavandula species

Chirality evaluation of linalyl acetate and linalool have been introduced as new and substantial criteria in the authenticity control of lavender oils. In particular, linalyl acetate from genuine lavender oils has high enantiomeric purity favouring the R-configuration, irrespective of the Lavandula species, and storage or work-up conditions [32]. Using 2,3-di-0-acylated-6-0-silylated cyclodextrins as a new generation of chiral stationary phases in enantio-cGC, most of chiral compounds of Lavandula oil, are stereoanalyzed simultaneously (Fig. 6.37 Fig. 6.38). 

Investigations on authentic essential oils of Lavandula species are summarized in Table 6.20, detecting the chiral monoterpenoids with high enantiomeric purities as characteristic constituents of genuine lavender oils Besides R-linalyl acetate (11) and R-linalool (17), the chiral main compounds of genuine lavender oils 2R-trans-(2), 2R-cis-(3)-linalool oxide (fur.), (R)-lavandulol (13), as well as S-terpinen-4-ol (16) are detected [111]. 

Lavender Lavandula species stress, premenstrual tension. 

Curry plant (Helichrysum italicum) Lavender (Lavandula species) Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) Lemon verbena (Aloysia triphylla) Sage (Salvia officinalis)... 

Cone flower Echinacea species) Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Lavender (Lavandula species) Rue (Ruta graveokns)... 

KIM, N.S., LEE, D.S., Comparison of different extraction methods for the analysis of fragrances from Lavandula species by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chrom. A, 2002, 982, 31-47. 

Takahashi et al. [75] compared the EO from six Lavandula species, investigating how the interspecies differences affect the expression of their anxiolytic activity. The result showed a qualitative as well as a quantitative compositional variance between the EOs, leading to significant differences in the provided anxiolytic effect. The authors also investigated the influence of the major constituents of the EOs of these species, suggesting that linalyl-acetate acts synergistically with linalool, and that the presence of both compounds is required for the anxiolytic effect of the inhaled EOs. 

He gives a botanical description of the various Lavandula species, and discusses the conditions which are most favourable for the existence of lavender, the nature and treatment of the soil for laying out the plantations, and the manner of doing so. According to him Lavandula speciea are divided as follows —... 

L v ndin. Lavandin, Lavandula hjbrida as a plant species is of recent origin, unknown until the late 1920s. It is a hybrid of two common lavenders, l vandula officinalis and l vandula latifolia. Lavandin is cultivated mainly ia southern France and has become one of the most produced and used natural perfumery materials. The flowering tops of the shmb are used to produce a concrete, an absolute, and a steam-distilled oil the last is by far the most used. Low cost and refreshing odor quaUty allow lavandin to be employed ia a wide variety of perfume appHcations and at high concentrations. Chemically it is comprised of 30—32% linalool (3) and linalyl acetate (1), along with numerous other substances, mosdy terpenic. 

ABSTRACT This study forms part of a larger multidisciplinary environmental study of the Lower Guadiana River basin carried out by a joint Portuguese-Spanish research team. It describes the mobility of lead in soil profiles taken over varied lithologies of the Iberian Pyrite Belt and the distribution of this metal with the root, stems and leaves of three plant species native to the area (Cistus ladanifer L., Lavandula luisieri and Thymus vulgaris). Results indicate that at all sample sites the mobility of lead is very low. 

The Guadiana Basin occupies a total area of 66,850 km2 in Spain and Portugal, 8,350 km2 of which comprises the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) one of the world s largest concentrations of base metal sulphide deposits (Leistel et al., 1997 Ribeiro et al., 1990). Three plant species (Cistus ladanifer, Lavandula luisieri and Thymus vulgaris) were utilized in this study. The soils in which these plants were sampled are developed over varied geological formations. The oldest formation (PQ Group, Upper Devonian) consists of a thick sequence of arenites and shales... 

PRESENCE OF FLAVONOIDS IN SPECIES. SUBSPECIES AND VARIETIES OF LAVANDULA AND SABAUDIA BASED ON HPLC. PC AND ELECTROPHORESIS RESULTS. NUMBERS REFER TO FLAVONOIDS IN THE TEXT... 

Spike lavender comes from the Lavandula latifolia or Lavandula spica species. These grow at much lower altitudes, are easier and cheaper to cultivate and give high yields of oil. The main country of origin is Spain. 

The true lavender (Lavandula officinalis) shown in the chromatogram is high in linalyl acetate, conforming to the ISO standard composition range of 25-45% and linalool ISO standard of 25-38%. True lavenders also may have between 5% and 30% lavandulyl acetate the GC for this sample shows quite a low value of 3.55%. Also characteristic of true lavender, the amounts of camphor and the oxide 1,8-cineole are low, but are increased in the other species. High ester and alcohol content makes this a desirable aromatherapy choice as it is gentle with no known contraindications. 

There are three principal chemotypes verbenone, 1,8-cineole and cam-phor-borneol. These are examples of variation due to the climate they are grown in and are also called cultivars. The names of the cultivars are not Latinized and appear after the species name, often within quotation marks. For example, Lavandula angustifolia Maillette is a type of lavender named after its originator. For rosemary the cultivars are named after their country of origin. As a consequence of this, the verbenone is also called French, the 1,8-cineole is called Tunisian and the camphor-borneol is called Spanish. A comparison of these in terms of their amounts of main components is shown in Table 7.2. 

Studies into the method of action of essential oils as insect repellents are currently underway that may further help in the development of new products. Recently, the results of an investigation were reported on the method of action of the acaricidal properties of Lavandula angustifolia Miller essential oil and of linalool (60), one of its main components, against Psoroptes cuniculi [195]. The study confirms the anti-mite properties of lavender essential oil and of linalool (60) by inhalation, indicating an additional route for possible use of these substances both for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes. Also, the method of action of the toxicity of citrus peel oils to several insect species has recently been investigated [196]. The results indicated that an efficient way to use citrus peel essential oils to control insects would be as a fumigant in relatively enclosed or air-tight systems. 

Among a variety of plant species studied, cultured green cells of lavender (Lavandula angustifolla, syn. Lavandula officinalis, Lavandula vera) were found to contain the greatest amount of free biotin. 

A rst step in genetic engineering is the development and optimization of transformation (gene transfer) protocols for the target species. Such optimized protocols exist for essential oil plants such as lavandin (f avandula x intermedia Dronne et al, 1999), spike lavender Lavandula latifolia Nebauer et al, 2000), and peppermint M. piperita Diemer et al, 1998 Niu et al, 2000). 

Linalool (3) is a monoterpene commonly found as a major volatile component of EOs in several aromatic plant species, such as Lavandula angustifoUa Mill. (Lamiaceae), Rosa damascene Mill. (Rosacea, Citrus bergamia Risso (Rutacea, Melissa officimlis L. (Lamiacea, Rosmarinus officimlis L. (Lamiacea, C. citratus DG ex Nees (Poacea, and Mentha piperita L. (Lamiaceae). Interestingly, maity linalool producing species are traditionally used as sedative, analgesic, Itypnotic, or anxiolytic remedies in traditional medicine and some as well in aromatherapy (Elisabetsky et al. 1995a). 

At least it must be mentioned that the mixture of essential oils from the same species but from different geographical sources cannot be called an adulteration. They ful 11 the requirements of standards as long as the sped c provenance is not laid down in the speci cation. Lavender oil from France can be mixed up with Chinese, Bulgarian, and Russian origin and is still lavender oil Lavandula angustifolia Mill.), but may not be sold as French lavender. Furthermore if an essential oil from the same species but from another geographical area is recognizably different in... 

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