Devonian Upper

Lower Devonian (Upper Emsian) BB 96679-83, silicified. (A) Ribs and marginal spines in the dorsal valve at the anterolateral commissure. SEM x 21 (B) Internal view of anterior commissure showing the marginal spines forming an interdigitating zigzag commissure. Note the outwardly opening U-shaped spines in contrast to the sutured hollow spines. SEM x 20. 

FIGURE 15.7 Secondary changes in the total group composition of soluble organic matter as a result of simulated water washing extracts of the Miocene lignite and shale (both of the Bechatow open cast mine, Poland), the Upper Devonian shale (the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland), and the Upper Carboniferous bituminous coal (the Upper Silesia Coal Basin, Poland). 

Mattes, B. W. and E. W. Mountjoy, 1980, Burial dolomitization of the Upper Devonian Miette Buildup, Jasper National Park, Alberta. In D.H. Zenger, J. B. Dunham and R. L. Effington (eds.), Concepts and Models of Dolomitization. SEPM Special Publication 28, 259-297. 

The Guadiana Basin occupies a total area of 66,850 km2 in Spain and Portugal, 8,350 km2 of which comprises the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) one of the world s largest concentrations of base metal sulphide deposits (Leistel et al., 1997 Ribeiro et al., 1990). Three plant species (Cistus ladanifer, Lavandula luisieri and Thymus vulgaris) were utilized in this study. The soils in which these plants were sampled are developed over varied geological formations. The oldest formation (PQ Group, Upper Devonian) consists of a thick sequence of arenites and shales... 

Sageman BB, Murphy AE, Weme JP, Straeten CAV, Hollander DJ, Lyons TW (2003) A tale of shales the relative roles of production, decomposition, and dilution in the accumulation of organic-rich strata, Middle-Upper Devonian, Appalachian basin. Chem Geol 195 229-273 Sarmiento JL, Toggweiler JR (1984) Anew model for the role of the oceans in determining atmospheric pCOj. Nature 308 621-624... 

Bituminous Substances. The distribution of hydrocarbons and other bitumens in some of the Paleozoic rocks of the area is shown in Tables I and II, the latter summarized after Swain (7). The presumed saturated hydrocarbons of the Ordovician, Silurian and Lower Devonian samples are measurably less than in the Middle and Upper Devonian samples. The presumed aromatic hydrocarbons are not as well differentiated. The pyridine-plus-methanol-eluted chromatographic fractions, arbitrarily taken as asphaltic material, also appear, like the aromatic fractions, to be controlled more by local variations than by geologic age. 

Table IV. Carbohydrate Components of Middle and Upper Devonian Rocks of Central Pennsylvania0...

Burket Shale, Upper Devonian, south Side of Juniata River, opposite Huntingdon, Huntingdon Quadrangle (not shown on map). 

Trimmers Rock Formation, Upper Devonian, east edge of Huntingdon, Mt. Union Quadrangle. 

Upeniece, I. (2001) The unique fossil assemblage from the Lode Quarry (Upper Devonian, Latvia). Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin - Geowissenschaftliche Reihe 4, 1 01 -11 9. 

Figure 4. SEM and Fe, S, Ti, and C x-ray intensity distributions in dark area of Devonian shale. Large Ti particle at upper right contains C small Ti particle near center contains O.

Playford P. E., McLaren D. J., Orth C. J., Gilmore J. S., and Goodfellow W. D. (1984) Iridium anomaly in the Upper Devonian of the Canning Basin, Western Australia. Science 226, 437-439. 

CarroU, R. R, Pashin, J. C., and Kugler, R. L, 1995, Burial history and source-rock characteristics of Upper Devonian through Pennsylvanian strata. Black Warrior basin, Alabama Geological Survey of Alabama Circular, v. 187, p. 29. 

The Kettle Point Formation subcrops in southwestern Ontario. It is up to 60 m thick, with organic carbon values usually in the range 5%-16% and Fischer Assay oil yields up to 70 1/t (17 gal/ton). The organic matter is dominantly kerogen of marine origin and has attained only an immature thermal maturation stage. A particularly rich upper zone is present over much of the subcrop area and its thickness seems to be controlled by post-Kettle Point erosion. Although studies are still preliminary, especially for the Devonian shales, the Kettle Point Formation appears to have the most potential for shale oil production in southern Ontario. 

Most of the Kettle Point Formation exceeds 5% TOC. Two or three, thin (<2 m) intervals in the lower section contain more than 10% TOC and a rich interval at the top has more than 10% TOC for up to 3.5 m. This upper interval is not encountered in all boreholes and appears to have been removed by post-Devonian erosion except where the Kettle Point Formation is capped by outliers of Port Lampton Group. 

The 50 million years of the Devonian Period provided sufficient time for over 11,000 feet of sedimentary rocks to accumulate in the Appalachian Basin this accumulation was controlled by pulses of tectonic uplift to the east. A similar control of a northwestern source area by intermittent tectonic movement is suggested as a source for the upper wedges (B/C) in the Michigan and Illinois Basins. The lower black shales (A) of regional type represent quiescent periods of slow deposition followed by relatively more rapid sedimentation occurring in response to uplift and erosion of source areas and to depositional restrictions caused by rising arches. The total thickness of Devonian shales in either the Michigan or Illinois Basin is less than 1000 feet, so that the sediment volume involved in these two basins is far less than in the Appalachian Basin. Thus there was ample time for... 

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