Echinacea species

Mazza G, Cottrell T. Volatile components of roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of Echinacea species. J Agric Food Chem 1999 47 3081-3085. 

Bauer R, Wagner H. Echinacea species as potential immunostimulatory drugs. In Wagner H, Farnsworth NR, eds. Economic and Medicinal Plant Research. Vol. 5. New York Academic Press, 1991 253-321. 

Barnes J et al Echinacea species (Echinacea angustifolia (DC.) Hell., Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) A review of their chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties. Pharm Pharmacol 2005 57 929. [PMID 16102249]... 

Echinacea Echinacea species (E angustifolia E pallida purpurea) Roots and seeds from the echinacea plant Immune stimulant treatment of colds and upper respiratory tract infections applied topically to promote wound healing... 

Huntley AL, Thompson Coon J, Ernst E. The safety of herbal medicinal products derived from Echinacea species a systematic review. Drug Saf. 2005 28 387-400. 

AVERAGE TOTAL ALKAMIDE" CONTENT (mg/g DRY ROOT) OF VARIOUS ECHINACEA SPECIES AND VARIETIES GROWN UNDER CULTIVATED AND WILD ENVIRONMENTS... 

A qualitative determination of the CAP in E. pallida showed that the roots contain high echinacoside levels whereas, cichoric acid was the predominant CAP in the flowers and leaves (Cheminat et al., 1988). This qualitative evaluation is a reasonable approximation of the CAP distribution in plant tissue however, the level of the individual CAP is dictated by the Echinacea species evaluated. Pietta et al. (1998) presented a qualitative evaluation on the CAP in E. purpurea, E. pallida and E. angustifolia using micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). These authors noted that echinacoside was present in the roots and aerial parts of the E. pallida and E. angustifolia, but not E. purpurea. Cichoric acid is the predominant CAP in E. purpurea roots and aerial parts but is virtually absent in all parts of E. angustifolia and roots of E. pallida. The presence of other CAP in plant tissues is variable and species-variety-dependent (Tables III-V). 

Gas chromatography (GC)-MS coupled with multivariate statistical analysis proved valuable in verifying the authenticity of Echinacea species (Lienert et al, 1998). Similar root extracts could be grouped, based on the identified compounds from the GC-run, by principal component and cluster analysis. The correct grouping of the Echinacea species (i.e., purpurea, angustifolia, and pallida) was not influenced by the extraction method or by the aging process of the roots. 

Cheminat, A., Zawatzky, R., Becher, H., and Brouillard, R. 1988. Caffeoyl conjugates from Echinacea species structures and biological activity. Phytochemistry 27, 2787-2794. 

Glowniak, K., Zgorka, G., and Kozyra, M. 1996. Solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of free phenolic acids in some Echinacea species. J. Chromatogr. A 730, 25-29. 

Jager, H., Meinel, L., Dietz, B., Lapke, C., Bauer, R., Merkle, H., and Heilmann, L. 2002. Transport of alkamides from Echinacea species through Caco-2 monolayers. Planta Med. 68, 469-471. 

Lienert, D., Anklam, E., and Panne, U. 1998. Gas chromatography—mass spectral analysis of roots of Echinacea species and classification by multivariate data analysis. Phytochem. Anal. 9, 88-98. 

Pietta, P., Mauri, P., and Bauer, R. 1998a. MEKC analysis of different Echinacea species. Planta Med. 64, 649 -652. 

Reich, E., Blatter, A., Jorns, R., Kreuter, M., and Thiekotter, K. 2002. An AOAC peer-verified method for identification of Echinacea species by HPTLC. J. Planar Chromatogr. 15, 244-251. 

Sloley, B.D., Urichuk, L., Tywin, C., Coutts, R., Pang, P., and Shan, J. 2001. Comparison of chemical components and antioxidant capacity of different Echinacea species. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 53, 849-857. 

Polyunsaturated alkamides have been isolated from Aaronsohnia, Achillea, Anacyclus, and Echinacea species. Due to the structural similarity of alkamides to arachidonic acid, it is likely that alkamides act as competitive inhibitors of COX and LOX enzymes. At a concentration of 50 pg/ml, all twenty tested alkamides from Achillea and Echinacea species showed 21-... 

Echinacea species (coneflower, black Sampson hedgehog, Indian head, snakeroot, red sunflower, scurvy root) have become increasingly popular, particularly for the prophylaxis and treatment and prevention of cold and flu symptoms. However, the claimed efficacy of Echinacea in the common cold has not been confirmed in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (20) or a systematic review (21). Echinacea is claimed to have antiseptic and antiviral properties and is under investigation for its immunostimulant action. The active ingredients are glycosides (echinacoside), polysaccharides, alkamides, and flavonoids. 

Cynara scolymus (artichoke) Echinacea species (coneflower) Eupatorium species (thoroughwort) inuia helenium (elecampane) Petasites species (butterbur) Senecio species (ragwort)... 

Echinacea species (coneflower) Eieutherococcus senticosus (Siberian ginseng)... 

Veratrum species (heiiebore) Liiiaceae (iiiy) Coneflower Echinacea species... 

Qualitative Evaluation of the Caffeic Acid Derivatives in Echinacea Species Using Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography (Pietta et al., 1998)... 

Major Volatiles found in the Headspace of Various Plant Parts of Echinacea Species Using Headspace Gas Chromatography (Mazza and Cottrell, 1999)... 

Denotes the percentage of volatile in the Echinacea species. Data taken from Mazza and Cotrell, 1999. 

Mazza and Cottrell (1999) identified 70 compounds in the headspace of Echinacea species, 50 of which had not been reported previously. The distribution of the essential oils is, as one would expect, significantly higher in the flower, leaf, and stem tissue. The volatile content of E. purpurea root accounted for 10.4% of the total headspace volatiles, while 2.6% and 3.2% of the volatiles of E. angustifolia and E. pallida, respectively, were found in the roots. However, the volatile contents of the flower, stem and leaf tissues were similar between species. 

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